Project Planning Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2454 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Table of Contents Background Company Information Main Case Factors affecting sustainability Project Timeline Course Correction References Background As the population in cities increases, so does the number of vehicular trips made by people. As the road width is fixed at the time of city planning, the volume of traffic that can pass through is limited. The result is increasing traffic congestion in the city. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Project Planning Management" essay for you Create order This leads to increased commute time coupled with greater difficulty in commuting. Air passengers miss their flights stuck in traffic, ambulances have difficulty in taking emergency cases to the hospitals, and professionals reach late to office. Road rage, traffic accidents are some of the incidents experienced as commuters strive to reach their destinations at the earliest. A picture of chaos and lawlessness emerges; people become dehumanized to their environment. A pragmatic solution to problems of traffic is to discourage the use of private vehicles and encourage the use of public transportation. But it is easier said than done. Public transport has to be not only cheaper than private transport but also must be quicker/save time. Although modes like buses, auto rickshaws, bicycles may make economic sense, but they do not have any advantage in travel time over private vehicles. It is in this context that Mass Rapid Transit Systems (MRTS) come in. A rail base MRTS can be intro duced in any corridor where the level of traffic in any direction exceeds 20,000 persons per hour. However, MRTS are capital intensive and have long gestation periods. It is this reason why they have not been taken up on a large scale in many developing countries. The city of Delhi has experienced phenomenal growth of people (18 m) and vehicular population. Vehicular population increased from 5.62 lakh in 1981 to over 65 lakh today. About 1000 vehicles are added to Delhi roads every day. The heterogeneous nature of traffic has decreased vehicular speed. To cater to the needs of the public and to gear up the city for hosting the Commonwealth games in 2010, rail-based MRTS, named Delhi Metro was introduced in the city. With wide roads and ownership of most land with the govt., the city was suitable for introduction of rail based MRTS. Delhi Metro has had phenomenal success since its introduction in 2003. As airline travel grew rapidly in the early 2000s, the roads leading to the airports in most cities became congested. In Delhi, there were only a few buses that serviced the airport on route to and from other destinations. Further, Delhi was hosting the commonwealth games in 2010 that would increase the influx of tourists, spectators and media to the city through the airport. Therefore, to service such travelers, DMRC proposed to build a dedicated and high speed metro line, connecting the airport to the New Delhi railway station. The line would reduce travel time between the two places to 18 minutes from the 2 hours taken by road. This was the beginning of the airport express line. Company Information Delhi Airport Metro Express Private Limited was incorporated in 2008. It is a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) incorporated under the Indian Companies Act with joint venture between Reliance Infrastructure Limited and Construcciones Y Auxiliar De Ferrocarriles (CAF). CAF is also the technical partner and supplies the rolling stocks for the project. DAMEPL was awarded the contract on the basis of their highest quote for annual concession fees to be paid to DMRC. Reliance Infrastructure Ltd. held a 95 per cent stake in DAMEPL, with the remaining 5 percent held by CAF. Debt was arranged by the lead banker Axis Bank along with India Infrastructure Finance and eight other banks. The debt to equity ratio was 70:30. Corporate Identification Number U74210DL2008PTC176177 Name DELHI AIRPORT METRO EXPRESS PRIVATE LIMITED RoC RoC-Delhi Registration Number 176177 Company Category Company limited by shares Company Sub Category Indian Non-Government Company Class of Company Private Company Authorised Capital (in Rs.) 8,700,000,300 Paid up capital (in Rs.) 100,000 Number of Members(Applicable only in case of company without Share Capital) 0 Date of Incorporation 01 April 2008 Address 1 DELHI AIRPORT METRO EXPRESS DEPOT, NEAR SECTOR 8 Address 2 DMRC METRO STATION, SECTOR 21, DWARKA City NEW DELHI State Delhi Country INDIA Pin 110075 Whether listed or not Unlisted Date of Last AGM 20 September 2013 Date of Balance sheet 31 March 2013 Company Status (for eFiling) Active Main Case The Delhi Airport Express line was the first public-private partnership project in metro rail. The agreement was signed in 2008 between Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) and Delhi Airport Metro Express Private Limited (DAMEPL). The 22.7 km line proposed to connect the New Delhi Railway station to the Delhi International Airport. The idea was to reduce the congestion on roads that led to the airport, and enable the passengers to continue their onward journey to/from the airport to the adjoining areas through the rail network. The DAEL was designed to be a dedicated high speed metro line (135 km/hr as opposed to 80 km/hr), with only 6 stations on a 22.7 km route so as to provide faster service. The line started from New Delhi railway station and ended about 4 km beyond the airport till Dwarka, a fast growing residential area. The line was to be commissioned by October 2010, in time for the Commonwealth games being held in New Delhi. Under the PPP agreement, Build Operate Transfer (BOT) model was followed whereby the concessionaire was to operate the line for a period of 30 years, build the extension line, and then hand over the project to the public sector. DMRC was well aware that the project costs would be prohibitively high. It had estimated that the concessionaire would not be able to recover all capital and operating costs from fares alone. To reduce the financial burden on the concessionaire, DMRC undertook the responsibility for building and financing all civil construction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" including the viaduct, tunnels and the stations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" while the private concessionaire was asked to finance operating systems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" signaling system, track, rolling-stock, power distribution system etc. Land for real-estate development was also offered to concessionaires. Even this was thought to be insufficient to make the project financially viable as capital costs for operations alone were estimated to be USD 300 m. Therefore, there was a provision of additional capital subsidy from the govt. to make the project viable. DMRC invited bids from potential concessionaires on the basis of least requested amount of viability gap funding from the govt. The private concessionaire was expected to undertake a variety of risks including ridership ie the number of passengers using the system. Ridership was a key risk because it was the main source of revenue for the concessionaire. DMRC made a daily ridership estimate of 46,000 passengers in 2010, growing to 86,000 people per day in the next 10 years.(Exhibit 1). The forecasts were based on hourly counts of passengers at the airport terminals and surveys of departing and arriving air passengers about their starting/terminal destination. The contract was won by Reliance Energy- CAF consortium. CAF provided the rolling stock and held 5% equity in the project, with Reliance holding the rest. However, problems started emerging even before the operations could be started. Originally set to open by August 31, 2010, the line finally opened on Feb 23, 2011, after missing 4 previously set deadlines. The DMRC fined Reliance Infra 37.5 lakh every day from 30 September and 75 lakh every day from 31 October for repeatedly missing the deadlines. Further, the daily ridership projections came to naught. The average ridership remained at 11,000 persons per day, with a peak of 22,000. Such poor load factor doomed the project since the beginning. To compound the problems further, structural defects were found in the civil construction leading to , first reduction in speed to 105 km/hr, and then to complete halt of operations due to safety concerns from July 2012. The halting of operations led to a tense stand-off between the private concessionaire and DMRC. It ultimately culminated in the exit of the private party, with DMRC taking over the operations of the Airport Express Line. Operations resumed from Jan 2013. It was estimated that DAMEPL was running a loss of Rs 40 m every month. We examine the mistakes made in project planning, financing, and the role of external factors in affecting the feasibility of the project. Exhibit 1 Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Projected Ridership 46000 48970 52132 55498 59082 62897 66958 71281 75884 80784 86000 Actual Ridership 11000 11000 10069 12856 Factors affecting sustainability Cost structure: The high cost structure undermined the feasibility of the project from the very beginning. License fee: Rs 10,000 per annum Concession fee: Rs 510 million. It shall be increased every year by 5% Additional concession fee: Rs 30 million for retail space at concourse level of New Delhi and Shivaji Stadium station Cost of operation and maintenance of clearing house: To be shared between DMRC and DAMEPL. Revenue sharing: From COD (Commercial Operations Date), the following percentage of Gross Revenues would be apportioned to DMRC; One percent of Gross Revenue from first to fifth year Two percent of Gross Revenue from sixth to tenth year Three percent of Gross Revenue from eleventh to fifteenth year Five percent of Gross Revenue from sixteenth year onwards till Termination date Capital Structure Rs million Debt 20000 Subordinate debt 8000 Equity 0.1 Debt to Equity ratio to be maintained 30:70 Ridership: The overly optimistic forecast of daily ridership was the primary factor in the failure of the project. The average ridership remained at 11,000 persons per day, with a peak of 22,000 persons. It was assumed that the project would be able to capture up to 62% of the airline passengers. However, it was only able to capture 30% of the airport bound traffic. RITES, a Railwayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consultancy arm, had based its passenger numbers on the development of Aerocity ( a bunch of five-star hotels) around the Delhi airport, which was being developed by GMR on a public-private-partnership (PPP) basis. The Aero city never materialized. Low ridership was also because of poor frequency of trains. Instead of six trains, only four were made operational. The decision to close the line at 11:30 pm cut off many passengers who would be arriving/leaving late at night and in the early hour of the morning. Over-estimated returns: Instead of claiming viability gap funding, Reliance offered money to DMRC in the form of concession fee to operate the project. This was in contrast to the second highest bidder à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" LT-GE consortium à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" that asked for a subsidy of Rs 3460 m or interest free debt of Rs 14400 m for a longer term. The success of the project depended upon the ability of DAMEPL to execute real estate developments as planned. Revenues from real estate were expected to account for 70% of the total revenues in the initial years, and more than 50% of the total revenues during the entire concession period. However, revenues from real estate development were never realized. Technical problems: The Airport line has recorded 0.375 failures per route kilometer, which is high as compared to the Blue line of DMRC which has 0.14 failures per route kilometer. Time Cost-overruns: Non-availability of labor and heavy rains interrupted construction activity in Delhi. Further delays occurred in obtaining various clearances like safety and security. DAMEPL was given a one month extension on account of construction delays. But penalty was imposed subsequently for missing each deadline. DMRC imposed penalty on the concessionaire at the rate of Rs 3.75 m per day from September 2010 and Rs 7.5 m per day from Oct 31 2010. It led to a total estimated penalty of Rs 900 m. Exhibit 3 gives the implementation schedule. Exhibit 3: Project Implementation schedule Signing of Agreement Withing 60 days of LOA Financial Close Within 120 days of LOA Key dates and Milestone Dates Start of Design Interface with DMRC Contractors 30 days from LOA Completion of Design interface 6 months from LOA Completion of Design for execution 9 months Delivery of 1st train set 31-Oct-09 Testing of Rolling stock 31-Jan-10 Integrated Testing and Commissioning 1-Apr-10 Commissioning of Project COD 31-Jul-10 Actual Commissioning 23-Feb-11 Project Timeline Aug 2006: (DMRC) finalizes a detailed project report for the airport line Sep 2007: DMRC awards the first tenders for building the railway line 23 Jan 2008: DMRC awards a 30-year build-operate-transfer contract to the Reliance Energy led consortium with the Spanish railway equipment CAF Mar 2009: Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt. Ltd, a special-purpose vehicle floated by Reliance Infrastructure Ltd (R-Infra) to build the airport line, says it has managed to raise the debt required for the project. Nov 2009: DMRC completes 95% of the tunneling and civil construction on the line and hands over the stations to concessionaire R-Infra for laying tracks. 31 Aug 2010: The airport line misses the first deadline to begin operations, but R-Infra is given a one-month extension on account of delays in handing over the stations by DMRC 30 Sep 2010: The line fails to get the mandatory safety clearance from the Commissioner of Metro Rail Safety (India). DMRC s laps a fine of Rs.37.5 lakh per day from 30 September on R-Infra for missing the deadline 10 Jan 2011: CMRS grants safety clearance to the airport line, except for the Dhaula Kuan and Delhi Aerocity stations 23 Feb 2011: The airport line starts its first train services from New Delhi railway station to terminal T3 of the Indira Gandhi International Airport 15 Aug 2011: CMRS grants safety clearance to Dhaula Kuan and Delhi Aerocity stations Dec 2011: DMRC managing director E. Sreedharan meets R-Infra executives to discuss the areas that need improvement, particularly the train coaches May 2012: DMRC chief Mangu Singh expresses dissatisfaction with the operation of the line Jun 2012: DMRC asks consultants Shirish Patel and Associates to conduct an inspection of the line due to safety concerns, after the operator reduces the speed of the trains from 105 kmph 7 Jul 2012: The operations suspended indefinitely for safety repairs. The ministry of urban development cons titutes a committee to investigate the defects in the civil construction of the railway line. January 2013: Operation resumed. Course Correction After taking over the operations of Airport Express line, DMRC has taken to following steps to improve the popularity and financial sustainability of the project: The frequency of trains was reduced from 15 to 10 and-a-half minutes Maximum speed was increased from 70 km/hr to 80 km/hr, reducing travel time by 19 minutes Parking facilities have been created at Aerocity Metro station; feeder bus services have also been started. The total number of train trips was increased from 148 to 166. In July 2014, it reduced fares by 40% Proposal to extend the line to IIFCO Chowk in Gurgaon and a Delhi-Alwar link to make the airport line operationally profitable. As a result of the steps being taken by DMRC, the total ridership per day has increased 28 % from 10,069 in July 2013 to 12,856 in June 2014. References https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/delhi-airport-metro-line-debacle-the-way-forward/article4966519.ece https://archive.indianexpress.com/news/delhi-metro-to-take-over-airport-express-link-from-midnight/1135868/ https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/airport-express-metro-ridership-rises-by-28-percent-114070101032_1.html https://www.iritm.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1373362608968-Project%20Report%203.pdf https://cdm.unfccc.int/filestorage/7/X/L/7XLGB5ATRZEIJN6K3DF8240VHUC9WQ/Efficient%20mode%20of%20public%20transportation%20by%20DAMEPL%2C%20India.pdf?t=Z0t8bmJycTJ2fDBZ8f7ANwVZ8iLyuKhP3cZR https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/no-early-debt-recovery-for-lenders-on-airport-metro-line-113112000443_1.html

The Play Julius Caesar Performed In The Theatre In The

The play Julius Caesar performed in the theatre in the round, though captivating left the play confusing in some aspects. In this performance of Julius Caesar the time period was a bit confusion to pick out. Of course the original is supposed to be depicted in roman times of when there was a republic present as the government, but in many renditions of the play the director has changed the setting. The director of this play, Sara Becker, did not make it easy to pick out the intricate and general details of the performance. The theatre at which this play was performed was very small, which in a way made the audience feel even more a part of the act. The stage itself was simple, yet sophisticated in a way that it could be used for multiple†¦show more content†¦If you make bad choices of course the outcome will be what you make of it, but if you make good decisions and are responsible then you can have a good future. I do not think your future is set no matter what you choose t o do, I believe our future is based upon what we choose. Although it is very difficult to pick a protagonist and antagonist in this play of Julius Caesar, the protagonist seems to be Brutus and the two antagonists are Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. Brutus is trying to preserve the republic of Rome and does everything he does for what he thinks is the good of Rome. His actions of helping kill Caesar, in his mind, are all good and show the theme of the struggle of power, but also in a way the free will Brutus had to use to choose to kill Caesar. Both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony are shown trying to become tyrants in the eyes of Brutus and Cassius. Every action that is portrayed shows that they all are struggling for who will be in power and if it is their fate or free will that will make this possible. The primary conflict between the protagonist and antagonist in this play was definitely who would be in power over Rome. Even though a conflict in the mind of Brutus can be seen as wel l if he really made the right choice. The best actor, even though it was a hard choice between Brutus and Mark Antony, in this play was Alan Brinks. His rendition of Mark Antony was captivating. HeShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Shakespeares Play Julius Caesar By William Shakespeare1667 Words   |  7 Pagesgenres in theatre, the ever-changing dramatical theories put to action and the common view of entertainment and fashion over the years, a lot has changed in theatre practise since Shakespeare’s time. This essay will consider how William Shakespeare’s play ‘Julius Caesar’ may have been performed during the Elizabethan era and how the differences in process, scriptwriting, space and more may vary from today’s recreations of his work. This should help to better understand and analyse the play itself andRead MoreThroughout The Course Of Society, Political Leaders And1775 Words   |  8 Pagesworld-renowned play Julius Caesar, Shakespeare illustrates t he political, power struggle between the prodigious leader of Rome, Julius Caesar, and Brutus and his conspirators. Through the University of Houston’s production of Julius Caesar, the audience gained a unique and fresh perspective of the play. From the modern clothing the cast wore, to the in the round arena the play was performed on, and to the reversal of gender roles, the audience fully grasped a new outlook on the play. Through the uniqueRead MoreJake Beidler. Mrs. Voshell. Honors English 10. 5 May 2017.1444 Words   |  6 Pages2017 The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, more like The Tragedy of Brutus The Tragedy of Julius Caesar is one of the better known, yet lesser understood theater installments by William Shakespeare in the Sixteenth Century. The play was first performed September 21, 1599 in the Globe Theatre in London, England. In the play there are many different and unique characters, some complex, some simple. Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger, better known as Brutus, is one of the characters in the play and the protagonistRead MoreComparing the Speeches of Mark Antony and Brutus in Julius Caesar2122 Words   |  9 PagesComparing the Speeches of Mark Antony and Brutus in Julius Caesar The play Julius Caesar was first performed in 1599 at the Globe theatre in London. The Globe theatre was built earlier that year and Julius Caesar was one of the first plays performed there. This gives us reason to believe that the play was written towards the end of 1598 and beginning of 1599. William Shakespeare wrote the play Julius Caesar because Plutarchs Lives, William Shakespeares sourceRead MoreEssay on The History and Present Use of the Globe Theatre552 Words   |  3 Pagesthe beautiful architect in the Globe Theatre? The significance of the Globe theatre is that play rights change how they portrayed the stories to the audience. The Globe Theatres were popular in Shakespearian time and Shakespeare’s plays still occur there every day. The Globe theatre was built in 1599 in Southwark, London. The theatre is a 20 sided circle and 3 stories tall building. The theatre was built out of frame, plaster, bricks, and thatching. The theatre also can hold thousands of people atRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar1819 Words   |  8 PagesJulius Caesar Many of Shakespeare’s tragedies illustrate the concept of power through different forms. Shakespeare (1564-1616) wrote plays through the Elizabethan era. Shakespeare’s plays were performed at the Globe theatre in London and were highly regarded by nobles, with the legacy of his body of works immense having written 37 plays and 154 sonnets. He is considered the most influential writer of English Literature. Many of Shakespeare’s works reflected the values and anxieties of the ElizabethanRead MoreThe History Of The Globe Theatre1378 Words   |  6 PagesRebecca Thornberry Intro to theater October 28, 2016 The History of the Globe Theatre Today we know of The Globe Theatre on because of the famous playwright and director known as William Shakespeare. The events which took place in The Globe’s past and what is its future may be, have become, and will be, an important part of the history of theater and drama. This paper will discuss the history of the Globe theatre, the importance it held at its time, and the importance of The Globe TheaterRead MoreElizabethan Theatre : The Beginning Of The English Renaissance920 Words   |  4 Pages Elizabethan Theatre The Elizabethan Era began in the year 1558 and lasted until 1603. During this time, Queen Elizabeth I came to rule over England, and England experienced a period of peace and prosperity in which the arts were able to flourish. This is also known as the beginning of the English Renaissance. In this, the art of theatre became quite significant in the lives of the people and developed immensely during this time due to Queen Elizabeth’s wide acceptance and encouragement of theatricalRead MoreRome Sweet Rome, The Q Brothers Collective Use Essay1869 Words   |  8 PagesMany, if not all, plays are written to evoke thoughts from people in the audience. Through their scripts, authors deliver messages about their opinions on various issues ranging from gender roles to class ranks. These messages are developed to provoke thoughts and questions from people who experience performances. In the play Rome Sweet Rome, the Q Brothers Collective use both new and old theatrical techniques to ma ke parallels between the Roman and United States governments by addressing issuesRead More William Shakespeares Globe Theatre Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeares Globe Theatre      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Globe Theater, an entertainment outlet for all people of that time, provided a place for Shakespeares plays to be performed.   It was the third and most famous playhouse in London.   When it was built, it was one of the most important playhouses in London.   The Globes architecture was intriguing for its time and its life was long and prosperous. The Globe was built by two brothers, Cuthbert and Richard Burbage.   They had inherited the Globes

New Product Development at Apple

Question: Critically evaluate methods of planning and organising efficient operations and networking. Analyse the problems of controlling component activities and of controlling quality . Critically discuss methods of project evaluation and of scheduling resources. Answer: Introduction The product and the services are the most important part of an organization. In the organization, the product and services are considered as the main source of innovation. In this report, the Apple Company and its newly launched product iPhone 5 is selected for the thorough analysis. To highlight the main products available in the company, the portfolio is required. The portfolio is an aspect in which the complete description of the product is defined. The different types of products with their price are shown in the portfolios, which are mainly offered by the company. As the technology and the competitive environment is increasing day by day, so with this, the demands of the customers are also increasing. So, it is the responsibility of the operation manager to analyze the portfolio to search the aspects which may helpful in launching the new products. Through this, the required changes can also be identified. The report shown below mainly covers the methods of planning and organizi ng the operations, common problems related to the components, evaluation of the project and scheduling resources and many other aspects related to the products. Major Aspects of the product This section is helpful in showing the complete information about the process, importance, aims and objectives of the product. The initialization of the product modification up to the completion of the modification is defined in this section. In this section, the modification of the existing product will be defined (Agarwal, 2012). The product which is considered for the modification is iPhone 5. The iPhone 5 is considered as the innovative and newly launched product of the Apple. The product is equipped with the most advanced features and also provides the customers with the different facilities. Though the product is launched in very few countries, but the customers seem to be interested in the product. The customers also provide with the suitable feedback to the manufacturers (i.e. Apple) for improving some of the features of the product (i.e. IPhone 5). So, this product is selected because there are chances of improvement or modification in this product (Sanadze, 2010). Importance The product is considered as important, because it is highlighting the innovating techniques through the products. By this, it becomes easier to generate the most appropriate revenues and the financial platform of the company also strengthens. The product is also capable of giving the strong competition to the competitors on the global as well as the local level. Due to the process, the product can able to achieve the high speed, management of the operating system can become easier and different applications in the iPhone can easily be operated. Aims/Objectives The major aim behind designing the iPhone 5 is to prepare the product in such a manner so that the product can able to compete with the competitors who are introducing the same featured products with the lowest price in the market (Ascroft, 2013). As the product is created with the innovative technique and the new aspects, so the products also follows the well -defined design structure. By this, the chances of issues and problems may easily reduce. Another aim for selecting the process from the product is that the different steps followed in the designing of the products are helpful in providing the suitable solution too. Stages of product/Service The process of designing the product (i.e. IPhone 5) shows various stages or steps. To modify the product, it is essential to identify them. On the basis of the customer feedback, the process of the modification can be completed very easily. The stages are almost similar in all the countries. But, the basic difference is related to the manufacturing of the product in different countries. In contrast to the U.K, the important steps like the paired design meetings, pixel perfect mock -ups and the Pony meetings are taken into consideration. Synthesis, analysis, selection, basic engineering, detail design are some of the important steps which are helpful in completing the designing phase of the product. The special steps in creating the products also provide the positive input to the products. Methods for planning and efficient operations While developing the product, it is also essential to identify the suitable planning and the efficient operations too. By this, the evaluation may also become easier. Managing the efficient operations and networking is not considered as an easy task. The appropriate functioning of the iPhone 5 is essential, because it is considered as the brand name (Francis, 2015). To highlight the major facts related to the working of the iPhone 5, the planning and the efficient operations are required. The Apple is the master in providing the aspects related to the Quantum strategy, so that the products can be developed in a most appropriate manner. For the operation related to the product, the efficiency in the product is also considered as the major aspect. To perform the operational management, two types of methodology are mainly defined. These are the vertical and horizontal manner of the operational management. It depends upon the requirement of the company that which type of product they mai nly prefer. Generally for designing of the product and for performing the modification, two different theories related to the operational management are used. They are TQM and Lena and the Globalization, Green and the Supply chain management. Both these theories are helpful in providing the operational perspectives to the organization. The TQM is well focused towards the creativity and the continuous improvement in aspects through the learning process and the second theory, mainly focus on the globalization and the supply chain management (Jones, 2012). Through these theories, the organization tries to maintain the flow of the product and also provide the positive perspective to the operational management. But, with the positive influences there are some negative influences too, which can hinder the growth of the product. The suitable flow of the operational management and the identification of the most suitable theory for the modification of the product are tough to find out, so at this stage, the operational management seems to be in a critical phase. The networking is also considered on a very wide level. There are various networking aspects which the company may use to provide the suitable solutions to the customers. For efficient working of the products, the Apple mainly provides the Software Distribution networking system. Under this system, the designing of the product can easily be done. This system is efficient for the development as well as for the future modification of the product. The most prominent tools which can use for the product designing are Apple remote desktop 3, Apple software update server (SUS), MAC OS X and many more (Financesonline Team, 2016). By using these networking controlling tools, the product designing and the modification can become possible. The positive aspects are clearly defined, but with this, there are some negative aspects too. The main issue is related to the maintenance of the technical framework. Both products designing and the modification requires the well qualified technical persons to handle the technical issues. Similarly, these technologies also require the continuous up-gradations, which need some investment. Due to this, sometimes it becomes difficult to maintain the product (Apple Inc., 2008). Problems of component activities and controlling quality In the designing and modification of the product, the controlling quality and the problems related to the component activities are considered as an important aspect. Components are considered as those parts which are used in the Android phones to manage the phone and also make the working of phone full-fledged. The component activities for the iPhone 5 mainly provide some of the unique aspects. Services are the unique aspect which helps in providing the more technical independent threads to the users who are using the iPhone 5. The component named as the content provider is helpful in managing the huge amount of data on the iPhone. The intent and the broadcast receiver is the component which is helpful in storing the suitable messages and managing them. To control all these aspects simultaneously is considered as the toughest job. The methods of controlling is quite different for the different phones because all of them possess a different Operating System (Kilpatrick, 2015). The common issues which are identified in the product while modifications in reference to the component controlling are the mechanism on which the component is working, the management of the broadcast receivers so that the product (i.e. IPhone 5) can easily manage the MP3, MP4 and various types of video players too. To control these component activities, the technical knowledge is the compulsion. Not only the technical knowledge, the core technical aspects related to the component activities are essential to define. The quality controlling is another aspect which is also to be defined while modifying the product. There are two aspects: if a complete product will be prepared in house, then there is no need for quality control, but if the product is built in different stages than there is a requirement for the quality check of the product. As it is clear in the paragraphs above that the iPhone 5 still need some improvements and the modifications. The common methods of controlling the quality are the sequential steps to check the product, identification of the common issues in the product and many other methods. The positive aspect of the quality control will be that it is helpful in providing the suitable end product to the customers. Whereas, the negative aspect of the quality control will be that, due to the modification of the product (i.e. IPhone 5), the company has to pay the extra cost which will lead to the heavy loss for the company. Project evaluation and Scheduling resources The evaluation of the project and the scheduling of the resources also plays an important role in the operational management. There are various techniques defined in the evaluation of the project. The most common of them are the formative method and Summative method of the evaluation. The formative method is helpful in deciding the future development and the summative evaluation will take place after the completion of the project to appraise the success of the current project. Both of this evaluation are helpful in defining the different phases of the project. The changes which occur during the modification of the product are also identified through these evaluations (Macs Team, 2014). The positive aspect of this evaluation will be that it may be helpful in evaluating the suitable modifications which will occur, but the negative aspect is that the evaluation related to the product is sometimes not sufficient for the modification of the product. The evaluation sometimes lacks in provi ding the product information. The Scheduling of resources is the most essential part of the operational management. In this, all the available resources are scheduled according to the requirement. The various resources are collected and then the major resources are arranged according to the requirement for the product modification. In the resource scheduling, mainly three steps are followed, which are named as the allocation, aggregation and the scheduling. The allocation is the process in which the different resources are allotted for the modification of the product. In the aggregation phase, the different resources are combined to provide the modification aspects and finally the scheduling is the step in which the resources are provided according to the requirement (IPMA, 2015). The positive aspect is that the sequential solution can be provided by the scheduling resources, but the negative aspect is that due to the scheduling, the time management is getting more complex. Impact of Performance Objectives The performance objectives are decided on the initial stage only and with the development of the project, these objectives should also be improved. The positive impact of the performance objectives can easily solve the issues and also helps in maintaining the suitable aspects related to the project and modification of the product. Bibliography Agarwal, A., 2012. New product development at Apple. New product development, 04 December. Apple Inc., 2008. Solutions for Systems Management, s.l.: Apple. Ascroft, J., 2013. Apple from the iPod to the iPad, s.l.: s.n. Financesonline Team, 2016. How iPhone Is Made: The Global Assembly Line. [Online] Available at: https://financesonline.com/hello-world-the-economics-of-iphone/ Francis, H., 2015. Four charts that explain why the iPhone is so important to Apple. iPhone is so important to Apple, 07 September. IPMA, 2015. Resource scheduling. [Online] Available at: https://knowledge.apm.org.uk/bok/resource-scheduling-0 Jones, B., 2012. Whats the significance of the iPhone 5. Significance of the iPhone 5, 18 September. Kilpatrick, G., 2015. Product Design, Product Manufacturing And Product Quality Control Issues. Product Design, Product Manufacturing And Product Quality Control Issues, pp. 1-9. Macs Team, 2014. Evaluation Techniques, s.l.: s.n. Sanadze, A., 2010. Scheduling Resources. [Online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/KKKKK1589/scheduling-resources

The Power of Free Speech

Thesis Statement While free speech can help in creating a progressive society uncontrolled free speech acts as a destructive force that can incite hate, anger and violence which as a result requires it to be limited to certain justifiable boundaries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Power of Free Speech specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction The concept of the Freedom of Speech is attributed to being a fundamental human right wherein people are given the ability to exchange ideas, information or concepts without fear of censorship or interference. In fact, it is a first Amendment right within the U.S. which prevents the government from establishing laws that infringe upon an individual’s inherent right to free speech and peaceful petition. It must be noted though that despite the Freedom of Speech being a first Amendment right, subsequent amendments to the constitution as well as various historic al acts such as the Sedition Act of 1798 and the Espionage Act of 1917 have as a result limited the application of the Freedom of Speech to certain boundaries (Peck, 1). The reason behind this is rather simple, as a fundamental human right available to a human being from birth the Freedom of Speech can, and most often is, abused in order to pursue a personal or group goal. Governments as Protectors of Social Stability What must be understood is that governments are protectors of their citizens in that their main purpose is to ensure the continued existence of the country and the stability of society. It is due to this role that governments play that in order to ensure social stability various laws and acts are usually implemented which control certain freedoms in order to ensure continued peace and stability.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This explains why certain acts crea ted to limit the Freedom of Speech have been imposed in various cases in U.S. history due to the need to limit the possible destabilizing effects that the Freedom of Speech can bring on a case to case basis. Based on this it can be said that while free speech can help in creating a progressive society uncontrolled free speech acts as a destructive force that can incite hate, anger and violence which as a result requires it to be limited to certain justifiable boundaries. Justifying the Limitation of Free Speech As mentioned earlier, free speech can either act as a great instrument for progressive social change or violent social consequences depending on its use. Limitations to free speech should thus be created in terms of their intended social consequences and be justifiable rather than a generalized limitation on certain topics. For example the protest of the Westboro Baptist church members at the funeral of Marine Lance Corporal Mathew Synder should have been prevented due to the intended social consequence of creating discrimination against homosexual groups (Hines, 1). The purpose of such a protest was obviously to continue to propagate the idea of hate and bias against the homosexual population and as such can be considered an abuse of an inherent right. Similarly the portrayal of President Obama as a chimpanzee being shot in a recently published newspaper article is equally an abuse of rights since it directly connects to the various events suffered by the African American people that constitute racial prejudice and discrimination (Delonas, 1). What must be understood is that while there are various critics who state that the right to free speech should be defended the fact remains that its utilization as a platform for the spread of chaotic and hateful ideas prevents it from becoming a right that doesn’t need to be limited.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Power of Free Speech specifically for you for only $16 .05 $11/page Learn More Allowing the uncontrolled spread of socially damaging ideas and causes not only creates societal destabilization as seen in the various cases in the Middle East but incites various groups to spread hate filled messages which do not have any positive effect on society. Free Speech as a Powerful Tool for Change What must be understood is that speech is a powerful tool for change; it can start profound social and political changes within a nation or even society as a whole which at times is detrimental towards prospective goals set by governments. For example, the recent revolution in Egypt which toppled the regime of Hosni Mubarak was itself caused by the power of speech inciting the masses towards revolution (Scaliger, 15). In fact the current changes happening in the Middle East today are a direct result of the ideas carried by the power speech from country to country resulting in revolutions which have toppled numerous long time government reg imes. The power of speech has also been known to exact social change wherein the â€Å"Green Movement† has started changes in behaviors attributed towards greater awareness for environmental problems, environmental care and the need to use methods of resource conservation. From this it can be seen that the power of speech is truly profound however based on the example of Egypt and the Middle East it can be a cause for concern for various governments since uncontrolled free speech can and will result in actions which may disrupt various plans that the government has set into motion. Justifying the need for Free Speech The fact is the Freedom of Speech, in its ideal form, acts as an integral component in a check and balances system that ensures that the government acts for the benefit of the public.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By ensuring that important public issues such as war, economic rights and other societal issues are allowed to be discussed openly and without censorship this in effect guides public opinion either for or against particular government mandates or actions. This limits the ability of the government to act on various whims and interests since it must always take public opinion into consideration before it accomplishes certain actions. This in effect creates a balanced system wherein the government continues to be accountable to the people through the use of the Freedom of Speech. For example, legislation in the U.S. preventing various offshore drilling activities was actually brought about through the â€Å"Green Movement† and mass public opinion against the possible environmental damage it would cause. Not All Aspects of Free Speech Are Socially Beneficial What must be understood though is that certain limitations must be put into effect on particular aspects of the Freedom of Speech since not all activities created through it can be deemed as socially beneficial. Due to its role as a poretector of societal stability the government has the responsibility to ensure that elements which destabilize society are limited in order to ensure the propagation of social harmony. For example, the case of the arrest of the Ku Klux Kan leader in the Brandenburg v. Ohio case is a clear example of the government performing its role as a social protector by limiting actions (racial hatred) that creates strife and destabilization in society (Peck, 1). It is based on cases such as this that certain justifiable limitations on the Freedom of Speech can be implemented so long as they are meant to prevent the spread of socially destabilizing messages of hatred, bias and anger. Conclusion Based on the facts presented it can be seen that the Freedom of Speech is an essential concept to society since it acts as a platform of not only the free exchange of information, ideas and con cepts but also as an integral part of a checks and balances system between society and the government. What must be understood though is that Freedom of Speech can easily be abused in order to spread messages detrimental towards continued societal harmony. It is due to this that the government, acting as a protector of societal stability, needs to impose certain justifiable limitations on the utilization of the Freedom of Speech in order to ensure that any action incited by free speech does not damage the current peaceful societal structure we enjoy today. Works Cited Delonas, Sean.â€Å" New York Post cartoon.† blogs.timeslive.co.za. Web. Hines, Debbie.â€Å"Free Speech is Superior to a Family’s Right to Privacy†. Opednews. Web. Peck, Robert.â€Å" The First Amendment Advocacy of Violence.† firstamendmentcenter.com. Web. Scaliger, Charles. â€Å"EGYPT’S PRESENT PATH.† New American. 27.7 (2011): 15. MasterFILE Complete. EBSCO. Web. This essay on The Power of Free Speech was written and submitted by user Riya Mayer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Effect of Coffee Bean Prices on Starbucks Essay Example

Effect of Coffee Bean Prices on Starbucks Essay GM599 Course Project Problem Statement: February 2011, coffee prices hit a 14-year high at $2. This trend is likely to continue for some time as this rising prices according to analysts is primarily due to a combination of the growing demand for different types of coffee and the poor harvests we have had in past years. How should the company position itself against the continuous increase and/or fluctuations in the price of its main raw material? Background: Starbucks is almost synonymous with coffee, although the company offers other beverages and products. The organization prides itself as the premier roaster and retailer of specialty coffee in the world with about 17,000 stores and operating in more than 50 countries worldwide. Coffee is its major raw material and like the competition, the recent price increases have been passed on to an extent to the consumers. Concern: According to the NewYork times, â€Å"In 2008, Starbucks found itself in an economic climate that had most people reassessing their daily spending habits on luxury items. The company’s revenues and profit tumbled as a result. Starbucks was hurt by rising costs, the cannibalizing effects of years of overexpansion, and stiff competition in espresso drinks from the likes of McDonald’s and Dunkin’ Donuts. In the summer of 2007, its customer traffic declined for the first time since the company went public, sending the stock tumbling. By the end of its fiscal 2008, Starbucks stock, once seemingly invincible, had declined by over 50 percent† In other words the company may not be invincible and continuous price increases of its products coupled with stiff competition can affect the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Coffee Bean Prices on Starbucks specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Coffee Bean Prices on Starbucks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Coffee Bean Prices on Starbucks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With 17,000 stores worldwide, growing number of partners (as their employees are referred to ) and stockholders, the failure of the company will have a huge impact on many families and economies. Plan of Study: This paper seeks to recommend ways the company can maintain its consumer base and profitability in the face of these price fluctuations. To achieve this, the research will involve an examination of the coffee industry, major sources of coffee, how prices are determined and factors that drive the process. In addition, the effect of price increases and how it affects Starbucks and its consumers will be examined. Furthermore, the effectiveness of Starbuck’s current strategy on the issue will be considered before recommendations for the future are provided. References http://money. cnn. com/2011/02/18/markets/coffee_price/index. htm http://topics. nytimes. com/top/news/business/companies/starbucks_corporation/index. html http://assets. starbucks. com/assets/aboutuscompanyprofileq12011final13111. pdf

Free Essays on The Hudson River And PCB Pollution

The Hudson River and PCB Pollution The Hudson River and PCB Pollution The Hudson River is a body of water that stretches for 315 miles from the Adirondack Mountains to the Battery in Manhattan, reaching its deepest point of 216 feet in the Highlands near Constitution Island and West Point and reaches its widest point of 3 miles across at Havestraw. This river is one of the most beautiful and scenic of the Tri-State area. Unfortunately, it happens to be New York’s most polluted river. The river has been influenced upon since the early 1600’s, when Englishman Henry Hudson commanded the Dutch ship Half Moon on an exploration of the river, certain that he had discovered a trade route to China. It soon dawned that this was no Atlantic-to-Pacific passage but an Edenlike place of awesome potential-a river valley teeming with prospect and spirit that was worth fighting for. In the centuries that followed, the fight for the river and its commerce never stopped, and still continues to the present. Then during the Industrial Revolution, with the advent of hulking manufacturing plants on the riverbanks, everything changed. The river became a sewer, cut off from the people around it by the electrification of the railroads. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal instantly opened trade to the Midwest by linking Troy to Buffalo and established the Hudson River as the major commerce channel for New York City. Tycoons transformed the landscape in New York and across the country with the railroad, and the Hudson River valley became a hotbed for iron mining, limestone quarrying and clear-cutting. Toward the 19th century, when dynamite blasting was reducing the face of the Palisades to rubble, conservationists became alarmed that something was being lost to progress. In 1900, New York and New Jersey established the Palisades Interstate Park Commission to preserve the cliffs from further quarrying. Although conservation efforts continued into the 20th... Free Essays on The Hudson River And PCB Pollution Free Essays on The Hudson River And PCB Pollution The Hudson River and PCB Pollution The Hudson River and PCB Pollution The Hudson River is a body of water that stretches for 315 miles from the Adirondack Mountains to the Battery in Manhattan, reaching its deepest point of 216 feet in the Highlands near Constitution Island and West Point and reaches its widest point of 3 miles across at Havestraw. This river is one of the most beautiful and scenic of the Tri-State area. Unfortunately, it happens to be New York’s most polluted river. The river has been influenced upon since the early 1600’s, when Englishman Henry Hudson commanded the Dutch ship Half Moon on an exploration of the river, certain that he had discovered a trade route to China. It soon dawned that this was no Atlantic-to-Pacific passage but an Edenlike place of awesome potential-a river valley teeming with prospect and spirit that was worth fighting for. In the centuries that followed, the fight for the river and its commerce never stopped, and still continues to the present. Then during the Industrial Revolution, with the advent of hulking manufacturing plants on the riverbanks, everything changed. The river became a sewer, cut off from the people around it by the electrification of the railroads. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal instantly opened trade to the Midwest by linking Troy to Buffalo and established the Hudson River as the major commerce channel for New York City. Tycoons transformed the landscape in New York and across the country with the railroad, and the Hudson River valley became a hotbed for iron mining, limestone quarrying and clear-cutting. Toward the 19th century, when dynamite blasting was reducing the face of the Palisades to rubble, conservationists became alarmed that something was being lost to progress. In 1900, New York and New Jersey established the Palisades Interstate Park Commission to preserve the cliffs from further quarrying. Although conservation efforts continued into the 20th...

Malleability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Malleability - Essay Example A person cannot remain the same from birth to death - changes are inevitable. These changes not only comprise of physical and growth, but also of the mental capacities. When these mental capabilities expand along with one's horizons, he tends to perceive the world in a much better manner. When one experiences different situations and lives his daily life around people, he learns how to behave in certain situations and what actions to take when one is encountering a particular scene. All these instances shape the thinking, perceptions, judgments, relationships, and even one's simple lifestyle; all this leads to a change in a person's fixed dispositions, traits, attributes and characteristics - a change in personality. This change in personality is only possible when a person is flexible or say, malleable. If one is too rigid and has a fixed path of actions that they follow, life becomes very difficult for them. This reason behind this is that it is impossible to a person to fit into every situation with his particular traits. When a person understands the situation and comprehends what course of action needs to be performed, he might realize that the action is not compatible with his personality; thus, demanding a flex in his traits.

Nonprofit Sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nonprofit Sector - Essay Example Secondly, comments have been directed toward nonprofit organizations in regards to their lack of market discipline as a predominant cause of their limited self-sustainability. Other factors involve rising service and administration costs, and the increased competition for limited donations amongst nonprofit organisations. By becoming a commercial enterprise nonprofits are able to leverage former sources of funding. Nonprofits are seeking additional revenue such as setting up peripheral commercial businesses as a way to add to their fee paying programs that do not generate profits. In many cases this is a strategy in which they can raise community awareness of their cause and simultaneously make money. Some nonprofits have sought to commercialize their key programs, relying less on donations and moving to fee payments by beneficiaries, or creating contracts with government organisations or corporations. Alternatively, nonprofits may charge a corporation, which in turn charges its beneficiaries for a once free service.

Letter to relative requesting financial assistance to start a retail Article

Letter to relative requesting financial assistance to start a retail store - Article Example We intend to separate ourselves from the competition by utilizing both a brick and mortar storefront at the mall as well as a web presence. Therefore, our customer base will not be limited to local clients, but we will deal with a potential worldwide clientele. Our market research has indicated that there is a high level of dissatisfaction among gift recipients as a result of the lack of high- quality customized gifts that are also affordable. Our intention is to fill the gap between the high-end customized gifts and the lackluster generic gift market. The Gift Basket Company offers these people an alternative, providing them memorable and magical gift baskets. For example, we use highly detailed surveys to prepare our baskets, in which the customer gives details about such things as favorite colors, foods, hobbies, interests and other items of interest that help us build the most appropriate gift basket. Daily employee relations create an enormous opportunity for corporate gift baskets. Companies are experiencing more and more needs for gifts: congratulatory gifts for new births or marriages, sympathy gifts for bereaved family members and even smaller items to welcome a new employee or give thanks to a longstanding employee. In addition, the clientele for corporate gifts is wide open.

The Process Of Change In The Workplace

The Process Of Change In The Workplace In recent years, changes in the economy and the business environment have forced some organisations to modify the way in which the business was transacted. It is the duty of the managers and supervisors to bring about changes to the organisation so as to face the competitive world and to have existence in the business world. It is important on behalf of the business unit to understand the importance of changes in the modern business world.(Burnes, 2004) Organisations must to alter themselves in the business areas since eachday our world present new things kind of thing for us. And too all the big organizations have extensively choice of employee. So, organizations always have a intention and they can get their aims with their employee. Furthermore they have to know and understand them to get utmost success from them. In contrast , day to day the new employees are taking their position in the organizations but we can see simply many people who has different culture in the organizations. Consequently the subject is on that state of affairs, managers have to get a ample communication with them As a consequently, the major reason of this assignment is How significant is it for managers have a good understanding of cultural diversity in the work place? Conversely , we will look at some communication hypothesis to hold up our main question. There is nothing in the world which is steady except for changes. So as to stay successful the organisations has to believe changes and stay on having ground-breaking thoughts to have competitive compensation over other firms in the competition. Only the fittest organisation can survive - Charles Darwin and in the rivalry only those organisation can survive which adapts altering process. No business man is in the business to undergo losses.(Jaffe, 2004) The organisational changes signifies main changes undertaken via an organisation quite than the pair of slight changes been undertaken by them for e.g. appointment or dismissal of employees otherwise making changes in the program, which might be in assignment of the companys survival , reform operations, new technologies, mergers, major collaborations, novel programs which includes Sum Quality Management, re-engineering etc. Alter is predictable in the modern workplace. Changes in technology, changes in procedure and changes in the market and the wider economy all present their own sole challenges to employers and the employees. optimistic or pessimistic way . If the change is taken in a optimistic way than it is going to be in a great being for the firm. On the opposing if the employees takes the changes in a pessimistic way than it will be result the working of the organisation and the organisation will not be up to attain its preferred results. Alter have been defined by many authors in numerous way . According to Laura and Harmony Staff (www.soi.org/reading/change/index.) Accessed on 18th April, 2008, A concerted, planned effort to add to organizational effectiveness and health by means of changes in the organizations dynamics using behavioural discipline information Changes in organisation comes in two levels: Level one, |Consulting to make changes in the row for organisation of a structural, rule or technical nature. Level Two, The purpose for one person or many people in the row organisation to have learned something new.( Carr, 1995) There are several views about how organizations expand and change over time. In the 1970s, Greiner recommended that, as organisations turn out to be additional grown up and possibly get bigger, they go through a number of important changes in order to maintain an satisfactory level of performance. There are five stages of organisation growth, and the change from one to the next is triggered by a disaster. Change management is a methodical approach to dealing with change, both from the viewpoint of an organisation and on the individual level. A rather indistinc term, change management has at least three different aspects, counting: adapting to change, scheming change, and effecting change. A practical approach to commerce with change is at the centre of all three aspects. For an organisation, change management means important and implementing events or technologies to deal with changes in the business environment and to profit from changing opportunities. (Burnes, 2004) Harrison complaint that there are a number of levels of intercession and that the depth of intercession have to be shallow as the problem permits. Cognitive and irrational problem-solving techniques for instance those used in management accounting and operational research are located at the shallow end of the range of available strategies. Manufacturing psychology based methods, focusing on the individual and their task relationships are at a rather deeper level and include occupation improvement and management by objectives (MBO) At the sincer level are those instrumental approaches, which effort to change attitudes and social orientations as well as task-related behaviour. Organisational improvement is such an approach: see later in this chapter. A lot of business managers center their alter efforts at a specific level within the organisation such as the level of the: Individual; in the belief that organisational behaviour is determined by the characteristics of the a members. The aspire is a to develop personals skill levels, behaviour and motivation. Techniques employed incorporate education and teaching and management improvement. Organisation of structure and systems; claiming that organisational behaviour is determined by characteristics of the organisational situation in which people work. The aspire is to direct members behaviour to organisational goals and techniques subsumption structural and technical modifications such as divisionalisation, matrices, size, jop redesign, reward systems and management by ojectives. Organisational climate and interpersonal style; such managers believe that emotional and social processes, which characterise the relations among members, determine organisational behaviours. Their aims are to create system with a wide climate of high interpersonal trust and openness and a reduction in the dysfunctional consequences of excessive social conflict and competitiveness. The principal technique is organisation development. Obviously no one level should be focused on exclusively and a balance of approaches should be the aim. (carr, 1995) According to the Leavitts model of change management Leavitt argued that succeeded in one organisation were not necessarily successful in another. He suggests that the chosen approach to change in a particular organisation should reflect the underlying beliefs within that organisations. Seeking improved solutions to tasks will be largely technical, that is seeking to improve the quality of decisions. The task approach, even were it involves clear changes of methods, is clearly interrelated to the other three approaches. This approach covers: The traditional performance approaches of ensuring proper division of labour, levels of authority and responsibility, defining chain of command, span of control. Decentralisation, the creation of project centres and localising of decision-making creating a high level of local autonomy. Communication patterns, the consideration of communication channels and flows; thus for repetitious, predictable work a highly centralised communication structure seems most efficient, whereas for novel, loosely structured tasks, a more open multi channel communication network seems more appropriate. Taylors Scientific Management is an early example of this approach category, which includes method study approaches where an outsider views the work pattern and suggests changes in a technological approach. Updating and replacement of equipment is a natural example of an external approach. The essence is that the approach occurs outside of the work group itself.(Jaffe, 2004) Team working, approach preparation, changes in styles of organization are for instance of the people approach. Each change can therefore be move toward through one of these main four methods other than it must be remembered that there is strong coaction between these categories. For instance , a change in technology ( introduction of a computer) will power tasks (production may be quicker or better) and a change in arrangement could mean less staff needed. A change in any category is likely to have an effect upon people approach. According to the change theory of Kurt Lewin, who put forward ideas about how planned change should be introduce in an organisation. His views are from time to time called prescriptive planned change theory. A intended change procedur should begin with an analysis and diagnosis of the current situation, in order to recognize the sources of the problem and recognize the opportunities for improveme The change procedur be supposed to experience three stages the first one is called as Unfreeze, second group considered as change and lastly it is named as Re-Freeze. Unfreezing implies change will mean abandoning obtainable put into practice before the new practices are implemented successfully. In order to conquer resistance they should be allow to have their current behaviour which are being influence by them. Unfreezing will guide to formation of misgivings and the fear of the unknown. It will help to motivate the staff and overcoming the desirability of the fright situation of the staff. Managers can bring in the process of instruction and teaching at this phase. In this process communication plays an significant position. Managers should communicate to the staff who are going to sway these changes so as to help them to understand clearly the procedure of change and accepting it. Changes should be made understood to additional bet holders who are going to be affected by changes and the process of unfreezing their proves behaviour to helpful in adopting changes successfully. (Lewin, 1951) Movement is the which procedure comes after the procedure of unfreezing which means touching from current position to the intended new changes responsibility. Management of this process involves wining the support of people who are affected in the process of change. When we look at the helping point, manager should try to create contribution via others in the change process. It helps to decrease the resistance to change as well as become successful in adapting the changes and make it more successful. It will too help to develop communication of the cause for change and in knowing the cause so as to for the changes undertaken. In order to make change successful, there must be support from employees. Employees have to be convinced for successfully adapting changes. In the rule of Re-freeze, Lewin argued that even if the change is implemented successfully,the success could be short -lived because the employees might to back to their former behaviour and methods. An important way of making the change stick is through the use of rewards. Motivation theory suggest that, If individuals have strong need for reward, and if they see that they will probably achieve those rewards by acting in certain manner.(Lewin 1951) The re-freeze process is essential in order to stabilise the change and to reinforce the new pattern of the working or behaviour. An important way to undertake changes is y giving rewards. If the employees feel that they will receive rewards for sticking to act in the way managers want they will surely provide support in the changing process. Reporting system are essential to provide better performance and in trying to ensure that the targets and the targets. The control system might use benchmarks in order to compare performance and the standard of performances as well as for specifying the responsibilities of key managers and the work groups. |The following Examples will illustrate how this system works out: British Airways on becoming privatisation: From being bureaucratic public sector to commercial organisation which had to be serviced oriented having a market driven culture. Changes which were to be undertaken were reducing the strength of the organisation from 59,000 employees to 37,000 employees, flatten the hierarchical structure and introduce changes in the operational system and structures.(Slomon, 2004) Now the following analysis will demonstrate the view of managers who work as managers in several Companies. However following questions were asked to the manager and taken their answers from their point of view on business change. 1. How is it important for managers to have greater understanding of the process of change in a work place? In recent years the banking and finance sector has been subject to great changes, specially because of the global credit crisis sparked by the sub-prime lending in the American Market. Due to these, it is essential for the line and cost centre managers to understand the drivers for changes as well as the processes that governs the changes. says Peter Leach who work in FitchRating ltd as managing director. Basically he suggests that the process of change may adapt by itself in order to suit the circumstances. If managers do not understand the reasons for undertaking changes then they will not be able to meet the unforeseen challenges 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of change in the work place? According to the John Lionson who is one of the change managers in HSBC group saying that changes come in many form, say it might come in form of a major business change (takeover) or indeed in the senior management change which is quite often these days in the banking and finance sector. Advantages can be considered to be such which often brings challenges to the staff resulting in the innovation and new ideas. It may act as springboards for talented staff members and increase their efficiency and prove to be an asset for the firm. These changes can prove to be profitable as well as successful. 3. How often a company should make changes in the working environment? This question was answered by Peter Leach who told that this issue depends on the nature of the business. It is common in the field of banking and finance. It is common for the field of banking and finance to have major changes once in every 2 to 3 years. This may not be applicable to public sectors wherein the changes are less common as well as subjected to external factors. It is said that changes should be undertaken whenever the need arises not for the sake for doing so. 4. What are the factors that forces the company to make changes? According to the answer of Ian Williams, works for Bizzforyou ltd as senior manager counted these in order which are, take over/mergers, major advantages in the technology, changing market place, foreign exchange factors, cost of materials, cost of resources and productivity. 5. How do you measure of the value change? The only real values are share holders sentiments, profits and the stock market value of the company in the banking and finance sector. While staff morale is important, it is likely that a company is likely to have a lower churn rate than a unsuccessful one. added Peter Leach. In my conversation, I observed that 50% of managers consider that change must be done equally among the staff, however, 80% of them mainly think that company can be successful if managers drive it in a correct way.70% of managers support the idea of changing process due to achieve the companies goals. In conclusion, change can never be fully planned due to unexpected problems and follow on effects, many organisations are adopting a positive attitude to the need for change , Leavitt recognised four variables, which can be affected by change and claimed that these entry points can be come specific targets for managerial efforts to instigate change. The variables are : task, structure, technology, people. With these process change can work out successfully in businesses. REFERENCES: Carr D, (1995) Managing the Change Process: A Field Book for Change Agents, Consultants, Mcgraw hill professional, pp98-107 Jaffe D. (2004) Managing Change at Work: Leading People Through Organizational Transitions Thompson Crisp Learning,pp45-56 Burnes B., (2004) Managing Change: A Strategic Approach to Organisational Dynamics Pearson education, pp358-376 Slomon, J.(2004) Essantials of economics Printence Hill,pp89-103 Lewin, K.(1951) Theory of Change7th edition, pp105-112 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTIONS: Peter Leach, Fitch Ratings, Managing the director.02074173504 e-mail: [emailprotected]tchratings.com John Lionson, HSBC group ,Change manager, 02074351976 e-mail: [emailprotected] Ian Williams, Bizzforyou ltd, senior manager, 02081759091 e-mail:[emailprotected]

computer virus :: essays research papers

Overview In the following report, â€Å"computer viruses† will be explained in detail. A lengthy and informative description of the evolution and history on microcomputer viruses will be given, to give you a background of their origin for some understanding of how they came to be. The next segment in the report is on how to combat computer viruses with the development of anti-virus applications. The current status of microcomputer viruses will also be discussed, naming the most common types of viruses and the most harmful type at this present point in time. Details of the most recent outbreaks of computer viruses, such as the â€Å"Melissa†, â€Å"I Love You† and the most recent â€Å"Anna Kournikova† viruses will be explained, and why they are so harmful. I will also give you my recommendations on how to combat this threat of computer viruses, what Anti-virus Applications that I believe should be used, and why updating your virus definitions for these programs on a regular basis is so vital and important in your quest to have a happy and uninfected computer. And finally, I give you my conclusion in which I can only hope that you will find helpful. A History Of Computer Viruses The term â€Å"Virus† was not used to describe a self-replicating computer program until the American electrical engineer named â€Å"Fred Cohen† associated the term with it in 1983. In the 1950’s at Bell Laboratories, â€Å"John von Neumann’s† theory in which he made in 1949 was put to the test. His theory stated that it was (MS Encarta 98, Virus [computer], History) â€Å"Theoretically possible for a computer program to replicate†. His theory was tested after a game called â€Å"Core Wars† was developed whereby (MS Encarta 98, Virus [computer], History) â€Å"Players created tiny computer programs that attacked, erased, and tried to propagate on an opponent’s system†. In the late 1960’s through to the early 1970’s, the program called â€Å"The Rabbit† was constantly appearing on the mainframes at the time. Kaspersky (www.avp.ch) â€Å"These programs cloned themselves, occupied system resources, thus lowering the productivity of the system†. These viruses were only localised, as they did not spread from one system to another and are thought to have only been pranks or mistakes by programmers. The â€Å"Univac 1108† and â€Å"IBM 360/370† systems were infected with one of the first known computer viruses, â€Å"Pervading Animal†. This virus attached itself to executable files, which damaged the infected file. In 1986 the first stealth virus hit IBM Compatible PC’s, called the â€Å"BRAIN† virus.

Life of Gangsters

â€Å"Quick a coppers coming!† said Dominic, Ringleader of the robbers. † I can't get this crap to start up!† said Vincent. (Vinc) â€Å"Oi stop in the name of the law!† yelled the police officer. At this point the police officer was running after the Hi-Jackers like a bullet. He was so eager to apprehend the law-binding criminals. â€Å"Yes it's started,† shouted Vinc. â€Å"Run him over, he's trying to mess us around!† Cried Dominic at the top of his voice. The Car backed up like the speed of lightning and hit the Police officer leaving him crippled like a boneless dog. â€Å"Bingo! Nice aim huh? Asked Vinc. The robbers had a good getaway leaving the policeman behind. The sun was setting and the view was beautiful. The robbers were cruising towards an urban area. â€Å"Dom where do you want to go now?† asked Vinc. â€Å"Lets go and see Dred, I need announce of weed.† Replied Clyde. They pulled up at an old wrecked garage. The garage was like a rusty old skip there was a sign that said â€Å"Dred Motor Company.† The sign was about to fall off it was hanging vertically. The robbers went inside and saw a big huge figure. â€Å"Yo what do you need today boys?† asked the huge figure. â€Å"I just need an ounce of weed,† said Dom. Dred pulled out a small transparent bag with some cannabis inside it. â€Å"Is this enough ma boy Dom?† asked Dred. â€Å"Yeah that's enough,† said Dom Dom was about to grab the bag, but Dred demanded for some money first â€Å"Money First† said Dred. Dom went towards the car and pulled out a machine gun. â€Å"Gimme the Flipin weed before I blow yo big ass off permanently!† Said Dom â€Å"Yo Dom you know im just messing around with you here take it its all yours† said Dred in a discreet voice. Vincent and Dominic drove off leaving not a footprint in sight. Dom was busy rolling up a spliff when Vinc pulled up at a petrol station. Bonnie filled the tank up to the maximum amount of petrol. He was about to drive off when the shopkeeper came out and threatened to shoot if they drove off. Dom came outside with his machinegun and shot the innocent shopkeeper in his head. As soon as they were about to drive off, 10 police cars and 3 riot vans surrounded the exits. Clyde shot four of the police officers. It was a narrow getaway, but they made it. Riot vans and police cars were chasing them. With Vincent's Skilful driving the pair lost the cops. Hey Dom this car is mashed man! We need to boost another car. Then do it, but make sure no cops are involved. They approached a little quite area and saw a Nissan skyline. Dom this will do us nicely. Within a minute they drove off in a Nissan Skyline without anyone knowing. There, nice new car and no cops, but we are broke. â€Å"How fast does this baby go?† asked Dominic. This one will do over 170mph. Great! I know some one who organises street races. If we enter this car into a race we are sure to win! Dominic took out his mobile phone and phoned a guy called Hector. â€Å"Hector its me Dominic, I need some cash. Are there any races going on?† asked Dominic â€Å"It's a good job you phoned me there is one today. Why what car you got?† asked Hector. â€Å"I got a Nissan R34 Skyline.† â€Å"Meet me at the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ seven o'clock sharp.† Said Hector. Dominic and Vincent just arrive at the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, and meet Hector. â€Å"Hey Dom long time no see and who's the other guy?† asked Hector. This is my man Vinc. Vinc this is Hector. Hector, Vinc is going to drive. Right then, let's roll! There are three other guys who you are going to be racing with. As soon as Vinc took a right the cops were on their tail. They caught Dominic and Vinc And arrested them on murder, grand theft auto and possession of drugs. They were sentenced life and both died in prison.

Penelope Is a Real Hero

Penelope Is a Real Hero Odysseus has often been regarded as the only hero in the famous Homer’s epic Odyssey. It is but natural as the epic goes under the name Odyssey and it focuses on Odysseus’s adventures. Nonetheless, there are many other heroes. It is important to note that males have been ascribed to heroic deeds, e.g.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Penelope Is a Real Hero specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Odysseus and his men, or Telemachus (Clayton 18). However, women also play an important role in the story. Goddesses, shadows and living women help men in their activities. Of course, Athena, the goddess of warfare and wisdom, helps Odysseus in many affairs. However, the goddess should not be regarded as a heroine as she does not belong to the world of humans. As far as the heroines pertaining to the world of humans are concerned, one of the main heroines to be admired is Penelope, Odysseus’s wife who i s faithful, wise and even as cunning as her husband. In fact, Penelope should be considered a hero as she manages to rule the kingdom (Ithaca), she is ready to sacrifice her entire life for the sake of her son, Telemachus, and she manages to remain faithful to her husband due to her wisdom and cunning. The Wise Ruler When analyzing the role of the queen in the story, it is crucial to remember about the role of women in the Ancient Greek society. Thus, Clark and Schwiebert point out that Penelope is to fulfill tasks which â€Å"must be relatively safe, can easily be interrupted and resumed, and must require minimal movement from home† (164). Penelope being a woman has to comply with these rules. However, the queen is in quite a specific position. She does not have her husband beside her to run the house and the entire kingdom. It is necessary to note that the epic does not focus on Penelope as a ruler. Nonetheless, it is clear that Penelope plays a very important role in her k ingdom even though it is not revealed explicitly. Thus, Odysseus meets his mother and inquires her about Penelope. The woman describes Penelope’s position in the following way: Still with her child indeed she is, poor heart, still in your palace hall. Forlorn her nightsAdvertising Looking for research paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More and days go by, her life in weeping. But no man takes your honored place. Telemakhos has care of all your garden plots and fields, and holds the public honor of a magistrate, feasting and being feasted†¦ (Homer 351) The first part of this speech suggests that Penelope is only weeping and doing some female job in the house. It may seem that Telemachus is the real ruler of the kingdom as he takes care of all public affairs, and he also runs their lands. Nonetheless, it is clear that the young ruler resorts to his mother’s help who gives val uable advice on various matters. The first line of the speech confirms that Penelope is beside her son helping him in any possible way. Of course, it is impossible to claim that Penelope is as powerful as any other ruler, or Odysseus himself, as she is still just a woman in the Ancient Greek society. Nonetheless, Penelope’s role is somewhere in between (Clayton 19). It is possible to claim that she is the ‘à ©minence grise’ of Ithaca who manages to keep the wealth and glory of the kingdom.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Penelope Is a Real Hero specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Vetter claims that weaving is one of the most important symbols in the epic (33). Of course, it is the symbol of memory as Penelope is thinking about Odysseus while weaving. Apart from this, Penelope’s weaving can also be regarded as a symbol of her â€Å"status within her household, the city of Ithakaâ₠¬  (Vetter 33). On one hand, she fulfills purely female tasks like weaving. On the other hand, she guides her son and helps him to be a wise ruler. She creates a covert web which covers the entire kingdom and keeps its order. It is necessary to add that that the woman has to live under a great pressure as she is doomed to hear news about her heroic husband and she still thinks he is dead. She cannot bear listening to songs about her courageous husband: â€Å"†¦ But sing no more / this bitter tale that wears my heart away† (Homer 233). Nonetheless, the woman finds strength to think of her son and the entire kingdom. She manages to be thoughtful even in her grief. Admittedly, this is one of the features ascribed to heroes. Penelope’s Self-Sacrifice Furthermore, she is not only a wise and strong ruler. She is also a loving mother. She is also ready to sacrifice her entire life to secure her son’s future. She has to comply with the necessity to remarry as her son â€Å"is suffering as a result of the suitors’ devouring of his resources† (Said 298). The woman has to think of remarriage as her family as well as her son force her to do this as all think that Odysseus is no more alive: â€Å"Odysseus was not the only one at Troy / never to know the day of his homecoming† (Homer 234). Even Odysseus himself forces her to marry as on his departure he claims that she should remarry in case he does not come back when their son is already adult (Vetter 33). The wretched woman loves her husband and believes he is still alive and she hopes that her husband will come and take revenge: Ah, if he comes again, no falcon ever struck more suddenly than he will, with his son,Advertising Looking for research paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More to avenge this outrage! (Homer 445) However, she still cannot lament for the rest of her life as she is to take care of her child (Heitman 63). She understands that many people would like to be the rulers of Ithaca. She also understands that she is not able to resist all those suitors who can soon become enemies. These enemies can bring their troops to the gates of Ithaca. Thus, Penelope understands that only women, her young son and her old wretched father-in-law cannot resist an army of trained warriors. She understands that any resistance will lead to the fall of her homeland: â€Å"spurn them she dare not, though she hates that marriage† (Homer 231). Her son reveals the graveness of their position: We have no strong Odysseus to defend us, and as to putting up a fight ourselves – we’d only show our incompetence in arms. (Homer 237) She has to find the way out. The only way out for her is another marriage. She has to marry one of the suitors. Admittedly, this deed can be seen as incompatible to heroic deeds. However, in this case Penelope does perform a heroic deed. She sacrifices her feelings, and even her life to save her son and her land from destruction. Of course, she does not lead an army and she does not defeat her enemies. However, her submission should be considered heroic. Furthermore, sacrifice is often regarded as a heroic deed, no matter what kind of sacrifice it is. Therefore, Penelope is one of those heroes who sacrifice something for the good. She is not concerned with her own destiny as she strives to save her land and her son. This courage is inspiring. More so, even some men depicted in the epic do not reveal the same courage and self-sacrifice. Admittedly, Penelope should be considered as one of the heroes of the epic. Penelope’s Faithfulness She Tries the Suitors Apart from her readiness to sacrifice everything, Penelope has the courage and wits to remain faithful to her husband. In the first place, she tries to postpone the day she should make her decision. She is as cunning as her husband. She manages to deceive her suitors for three years weaving and unweaving (Heitman 63). At the same time she never stops inquiring about her husband: Every time some traveller comes ashore he has to tell my mistress his pretty tale, and she receives him kindly, questions him, remembering her prince, while the tears run down her cheeks†¦ (Homer 391) Penelope is unwilling to betray her husband or even his memory. Even when her secret is revealed and she is forced to make her decision, she still manages to postpone the day of her marriage. Penelope makes her suitors compete. Even when the wise woman understands that she has no choice and she has to choose a new husband, she makes a wise choice. She invents another trial for the suitors. She makes the suitors understand that she can marry only the most deserving man who could be as strong as Odysseus (Steinruck 113). She Tries Her Own Husband Apart f rom trials for her suitors, she wants to make sure that the man who claims to be her husband is really her beloved. Her faithfulness does not allow her to accept the man unless she is perfectly sure that the man is her husband. The woman feels that the beggar is her husband, but she wants to make sure (Steinruck 114). Steinruck suggests that Penelope understands that the beggar is Odysseus but still keeps asking and trying him â€Å"for the playful revenge she takes on Odysseus because he misled her† (114). Nonetheless, her reluctance is more likely to be a sign of her great faith. She makes everyone understand that there is only one man who can be beside her. It goes without saying that Penelope’s faithfulness is one of the features ascribed to heroes. Only real heroes can be that faithful to their beloved (or to some ideas). Penelope is faithful to both her husband and her idea of marriage. She believes she can belong to one man only and she remains faithful to this idea no matter what. It is also important to note that her faith makes her that courageous and wise. Like any other hero, Penelope is guided by her faith. She performs heroic deeds in the name of her ideas. This makes her one of the main heroes of the epic. Conclusion It is important to remember that Penelope is one of the main heroes of the epic. This courageous woman has all features of a great hero. She manages to keep the kingdom prosperous. It is necessary to note that she manages to rule even though women in Ancient Greece were to fulfill female tasks only. She does not exercise her power overtly. However, Penelope is a wise advisor who helps the young Telemachus to rule the kingdom. Apart from being a wise ruler (like any other hero), she is also ready to sacrifice everything. Thus, the kingdom as well as her own son is in danger, so she does not care about her well-being. Penelope is ready to remarry (which means death for her) in order to save her homeland. Finally, the wis e woman is faithful. She never betrays her husband, her love and her principles. Admittedly, this faithfulness can be regarded as a heroic feature. It is also important to note that Penelope should be considered a hero as she performs heroic deeds and she can be characterized by major heroic features. At the same time, she is a woman who has to comply with conventions of the patriarchal world. More so, she can be regarded as one of the major heroes as she reveals great courage to save the entire kingdom when her royal husband is away. Admittedly, Odysseus himself in many situations is not as courageous as his wise wife as the former often flees from dangerous situations whereas Penelope has to remain in the place where she can be destroyed. Penelope has the courage to face her enemies, which makes her a great hero. Clark, Susan H., and Valerie L. Schwiebert. Penelope’s Loom: A Metaphor of Women’s Development at Midlife. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development 40.2 (2001): 161-171. Print. Clayton, Barbara. A Penelopean Poetics: Reweaving the Feminine in Homer’s Odyssey. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2004. Print. Heitman, Richard. Taking Her Seriously: Penelope the Plot of Homer’s Odyssey. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2005. Print. Homer. Odyssey. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. Ed. Sarah Lawall et al. New York, NY: W.W. Norton Company, 2003. 225-516. Print. Said, Suzanne. Homer and the Odyssey. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print. Steinruck, Martin. The Suitors in the Odyssey: The Clash between Homer and Archilochus. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 2008. Print. Vetter, Lisa Pace. â€Å"Women’s Work† as Political Art: Weaving and Dialectical Politics in Homer, Aristophanes, and Plato. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2005. Print.

dogs essays

dogs essays A breed descended from the great Molloser that accompanied Hannibal across the Alps when he invaded Rome. Swissys were used by Swiss farmers to haul carts to market and as drivers to drive their cattle. Many Swissys still retain these working abilities today. The breed was used as late as World War II as pack dogs by the Swiss Army The breed was almost extinct around the turn of the century and numbers have been slowly increasing. Swissys are in great demand as pets because of their stable temperaments. Is a natural breed of wild origin. The over all impression is that of an extremely agile and graceful animal with a fox- like appearance. A tonal love is a unique characteristic of the breed. New Guinea Singing Dogs are highly active, lively, and alert. They are constantly exploring everything in their environment, using all five senses including taste. Although usually gentle and affectionate with people, they can be aggressive toward other dogs, especially of the same gender. Known in its homeland as Mah Thai Lang Aan, originates from eastern Thailand ( formerly Sion). This medium sized dog was originally used for hunting and as well as a guard dog at homes, and on the road as it escorted the carts. This is a well muscle dog that is closer to rectangular on body proportions than square. This dog is strong and has the ability to jump as well as being able to run at great speed. It is estimated that there are at least 500,000 dogs that are kept as pets or being used in their traditional jobs as watchdogs and traveling companion and with over 50,000 registered with the Dog Association of Thailand, throughout Thailand., I would cross all three of the previous dogs. From the Swissys I would take their calmness and hauling ability. From the N ...

The Outsourcing of Information Technology Jobs Research Paper

The Outsourcing of Information Technology Jobs - Research Paper Example This paper discusses various aspects of IT outsourcing phenomenon and the reasons as to why firms outsource. According to reports by Gartner, the worldwide IT services outsourcing market is currently worth about 50 billion USD with the ITES and BPO market being worth about 130 billion USD (Pettey, 2009). The economic recession has had a downward pressure on the outsourcing market. In 2008, India with its leading companies such as Accenture, Infosys, Wipro, TCS and many other had a 63% market share of the IT outsourcing market. This is a decrease from the 70% market share it enjoyed in 2007 when India was the preferred destination and now other countries such as Eastern European regions, China, Taiwan and South Africa have entered the market. This is a reduction from the 2004 figures that placed the IT outsourcing market at 163 billion USD (McCue, 2005). Clearly, the market has been worsted by the economic recession, failure of large banks and insurance companies, failure of large automobile manufacturers and many other firms. Outsourcing has been around since a few decades and the best examples were outsourcing of food and catering business, janitorial services, housekeeping work and so on. This was actually also called as ‘in sourcing’ since outside companies and vendors came to work inside a firm. The outsourcing and in sourcing phenomenon has been regarded as one of the forces that flattened the world. Among the 10 flattening forces, Friedman has listed five forces that can be regarded as leading to outsourcing. The forces are: 4th force Open-Sourcing; 5th force Outsourcing; 6th force Offshoring; 7th force Supply-Chaining and 8th force Insourcing (Friedman, 2005). The world firs realized the benefits of outsourcing when Kodak outsourced its whole IT department to IBM for 6 billion USD. Up till then, IT outsourcing was only done for data entry work, electronic transcription of hard