Ghandi Speech Essay

To what extent does Gandhi use relatively simple syntax, expressing ethos and pathos, to appeal to a larger audience. The ‘Quit India’ speech was given by Mahatma Gandhi on August 8th of 1942. â€Å"Let me explain my position clearly†, Gandhi said, to begin his first point. He uses very simple syntax when giving this speech because he wants his points to be made more â€Å"clearly†. Throughout the whole speech, Gandhi’s speaks using very basic language, therefore appealing to a much larger audience, of people rather than a select few. Gandhi uses ethos and pathos in order to captivate and enthrall his audience. Gandhi said â€Å"I want you to know and feel that there is nothing but purest Ahimsa in all that I am saying and doing today.† He addresses the audience using â€Å"you† to make everything more direct and personal. Ethos and pathos is also used throughout this speech to gain credibility of the people, motivating them into  "joining† the â€Å"Quit India† movement he is advertising. â€Å"It is to join a struggle for such democracy that I invite you today.†, Gandhi said. â€Å"The power, when it comes, will belong to the people to the people of India, and it will be for them to decide to whom it placed and entrusted.† Promoting congress and rejecting dictatorship are the two biggest topics Gandhi is trying to support in this speech. And that is why the above excerpt is such an important sentence to the speech. Another strategy Ghandi incorporated was the repetition of the word â€Å"we† throughout the whole speech. This was to designate that he is the voice of the people of India, not merely voicing out his own individual opinion. â€Å"We must get rid of this feeling. Our quarrel is not with the British people, we fight their imperialism.† When giving a speech, it is crucial to know who your intended audience is. That way it will make it easier for you to persuade them since you know what they are about. Mahatma Ghandi used this indication in order to persuade his audience and made his speech meaningful. In â€Å"Quit India†, he used simple sentences and being more informal in order to attract and keep the audience’ attention. Overall, the power of speech is so incredible and can impact more than just the intended audience. But in order for that to occur, the speaker must choose their words wisely, not just jotting down everything that comes to mind when given a topic. Not everyone wants to read something that is serious and not everyone is literate, especially during the time Mahatma Ghandi was delivering this speech. Therefore, putting together and  delivering this speech was important in order to attract people from all different ethnicities and political views. â€Å"Quit India† was not just a speech intended for a select audience, but it is a speech intended for ev ery human being to hear and interpret in their own way. That is the genius of Gandhi’s basic, yet meaninful, and relatable, syntax used through this speech.

Desperate Housewives and Its Portrayal

My interviewee, Karen, grew up in the Philippines and has recently just migrated to the United States. She is a 24-year old ESL teacher who admits to pondering over the meaning of life yearly when her birthday is nearing. She was then enthusiastic to sit down with me to answer my questions about the meaning of life. For Karen, life does have an ultimate purpose or significance. She cites as proof of this belief the fact that bookstores and libraries currently carry a lot of books that help people find the meaning to their lives. â€Å"There has got to be a purpose to our lives. Will authors of self-help and ‘find a purpose in life' books be raking in a lot of money if people do not think that their life amounts to something? And that's another thing, actually. People are always in search for a purpose in their lives. This clamor for life to actually mean something is, I think, the ultimate proof that people come packaged with significance in life,† Karen says Being Catholic, Karen admits to always thinking that her life is meant to have purpose. She explains, â€Å"I have always attended Catholic schools where â€Å"religion†, specifically Catholic faith, is a constant in our list of subjects. Since pre-school days, my teachers would always emphasize the fact that I am meant to serve God. They always tell me, my classmates, that we should live our lives according to God’s will.† Asked what God’s will is, she answers, â€Å"Exactly what it is, my teachers haven’t actually defined. They did tell me, though, that I need to always be good. I need to be kind to my fellow men. That everything I do should be in accordance to God’s law, which is of course comprised of what the Bible says, what the commandment says, etc. Basically, life’s purpose is to be good and do good so that I will be welcomed in heaven. And in way, I still believe that is the purpose in life. I cannot accept that I’ve been put here on Earth for nothing. Something better must be waiting for me at the end of the line.† Karen confesses that even though she’s been reared in the Catholic upbringing, there was a time when she felt like serving God was not really her purpose in life. She says that although she believed in the existence of a higher being, she defied the fact that all the laws and commandments she’s been following are all dictated by human beings like her. â€Å"Who can say that what the Catholic Church outlined is really the ultimate truth? And that what they’re teaching is not made to serve their own purpose? And that what they want is also what God wants? I got to think this way when I started taking Philosophy classes in the University. My teachers imparted in me the habit of not taking everything in stride, of questioning everything that is being handed out to me. I also had a class, advertising I think, where the teacher had a great influence on me. He taught us about self-actualization. He always insisted on us trying to make something for ourselves just because we want to be something and not because somebody told us to do. That was the point when I got to question what the Church told me: that everything I do is for His glory,† she quips. But a few years after her University life, Karen admits that she started to soul-search and she realized that ever since she put God out of her life, her life started to feel meaningless. She explains, â€Å"There was this hollow part of me that neither friends nor a high-paying and glamorous job just cannot fulfill. I started to have this feeling that everything I’m doing is for no special reason. When I started to pray and go to Church again, I suddenly felt whole. That’s when I realized what was missing.† Karen’s opinion regarding the meaning of life was highly-influenced by her faith. Though she came to a point when she asked about the things she has always believed in, she still made a turnaround and accepted what her faith has outlined for her.

Hiv And Aids Problem In Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay

Nigeria ‘s communities are at hazard. The state ‘s population of more than 140 million people, stand foring extraordinary cultural and cultural diverseness, faces an HIV epidemic that could easy whirl out of control. Although the national HIV prevalence rate was cited at 4.4 % in NARHS 2005, this translated into more than 2.9 million people populating with the virus and in demand of services, and support, the 3rd highest load for HIV in the universe. Nationally, the sero prevalence rates of 4.4 % in 2005 translated to over 2.9 million people populating with the virus. This located Nigeria as holding the 3rd greatest load of people infected with HIV in the universe. Over the last two decennaries, the HIV epidemic in Nigeria has gone from impacting merely a few populations with higher-risk behaviours within a ‘concentrated ‘ epidemic in a few provinces, to a ‘generalized ‘ epidemic in many provinces.Size of job, how many people infected, cardinal population affected, chief path of transmittalLike many other states in Africa, HIV is most prevailing among the most productive members of society ( age 25-29 ) , with immature adult females, in peculiar, affected. This besides includes the sexually active age of which unprotected sex is the chief path of transmittal. The epidemic besides had a disproportional impact on adult females and misss in their generative old ages, with 4.9 % of pregnant adult females age 2 5-29 infected followed by adult females age 20-24 with 4.7 % . More alarming, 3.6 % of adult females age 15-19 were infected every bit good suggestion early sexual introduction. High and early birthrate among immature adult females across Nigeria ‘s vast and diverse state, suggests that many more kids will besides be infected as a consequence due to rear to child transmittal. Already, more than 1.2 million kids were reported to be infected in 2005. It was estimated that 75,780 new infections would happen among kids less than15 in 2006, with the figure of child-headed families increasing due to the decease of their parents. This indicates a greater demand to associate HIV within generative wellness services to make both adult females and work forces within the general population with more antiphonal household planning, HIV proving and comprehensive PPTCT services. It besides the demand to beef up holistic intercessions to protect vulnerable immature populations.Cultural/Social norms in your state and how they impact on the developing state of affairsThey include low hazard perceptual experience, multiple concurrent sexual spouses, informal transactional and intergeneration sex, gender inequalities, stigma and favoritism.Low hazard perceptual experienceThe NARHS 2005 showed that 67 % of Nigerians felt no hazard for HIV and merely 29 % perceived themselves to be at hazard for HIV. Even the IBBS S 2007 showed that MARPs did non perceive themselves as being personally at hazard for HIV, despite high HIV prevalence rates among FSWs, MSM and IDUs. Low hazard for HIV among Nigerians means that they are improbable to take calls for action to forestall HIV earnestly irrespective of high cognition about the virus.Multiple coincident spouses among work forces and adult femalesUnderliing multiple coincident partnerships are cultural norms that encourage polygamous r elationships, peculiarly among work forces. Common patterns of holding â€Å" indoors and outside married womans † and social norms that assume â€Å" all work forces are polygamous, promote work forces to hold multiple spouse to show their maleness. Even among formal polygamous relationships, where there is presumed greater protection, work forces and adult females were reportedly non ever remaining within the relationship. Women within polygamous relationship in rural countries were more likely to hold extra-marital personal businesss than among monogamously married adult females as a agency to economic security.Informal transactional and intergeneration sexThere is a great trade of grounds that many adult females, peculiarly immature adult females, are interchanging sex for gifts, favors, and money outside of a whorehouse scene. Womans who engage in informal transactional relationships are less likely to utilize rubbers than adult females in formal commercial sex counters .Gender inequalities that influence hazard behavior and bound entree to identify HIV and SRH servicesCultural norm in Nigeria, relegate adult females to a low-level function within matrimony and do it hard for adult females to negociate their right to safe sex or refusal of sex. This is compounded by a important age difference between hubby and married woman, peculiarly in polygamous relationships, which farther makes it hard for immature adult females to entree power in the relationship. Other cultural patterns including married woman heritage, traditional married woman sharing, early and forced matrimony, female Circumcision and sexual cleaning non merely increase adult females ‘s hazard for infection but besides farther undermine adult females ‘s right to autonomy and self finding.Stigma and favoritismStigma related to HIV keeps many people from reacting tp bar, attention and intervention intercessions for HIV. It prevents Nigerians from accessing HIV proving for frig ht of positive consequences, unwraping their Hiv position to their spouses, and consumption of bar of parent to child transmittal services, including safe eating of new born kids.How the cognition above might be used to undertake this job and cut down the spread of HIV/AIDSSee urban vs. rural differences in footings of entree to information, key services and literacy. Reduce reported multiple coincident spouses among all group Increase consistent and right rubber usage among all work forces and adult females who are sexually active, peculiarly among paid and insouciant spouses. Increase early STI sensing, intervention and patner presentment. Critically analyse cultural and gender values and beliefs that put work forces and adult females at hazard in their communities, and beef up male duty in generative wellness. Reduce reported stigma and favoritism among PLWHA Reduce reported high hazard cultural patterns. Reinforce rights of PLWH to hold positive but safe sexual relationships.DecisionBecause of the enormous diverseness within Nigeria ‘s population, it is clear that as contrivers, we need to look carefully at informations within our provinces in doing strategic programs every bit good as acknowledge the diverse needs for be aftering our response. In such a dynamic environment, it is besides of import to see the drivers of Nigeria ‘s epidemic to guarantee that programme contrivers stay in melody with future alterations in the epidemic ‘s growing. What is clear that there needs to be a co-ordinated, consonant response for bar attempts at all degrees to protect Nigeria ‘s communities? There is much that can be done. The fact that 95 % of Nigerians still remain HIV free is a enormous chance for bar attempts in our communities. Not merely is our combined strength and committedness key to contending the spread of the epidemic, most of us can make a great trade to forestall ourselves from going infected and fro distributing it to others. It is already apparent that Nigerians communities, at all degrees, have made of import paces to turn to the epidemic. The freshly launched National Prevention Plan besides strategically [ topographic points bar attempts, and within that, behaviour alteration communications as a precedence country for all spouses and has done much work to construct national consensus on the manner frontward.

History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History - Assignment Example Nietzsche, a German scholar, and cultural critic, argued that civilization and its consequences is the price people have to pay to control the ego and its wants. Natural rights were undermined as European countries colonized African states. Colonizers subjected colonial natives to unfair manipulation and oppression. The perception held by the social class at this time was described as materialistic. The opinion advocated for accumulation and maintenance of wealth at the expense of other people. Artists from various fields took to different methods of expressing their feelings. Modern movement artists as if Strindberg expressed sexuality family and class conflict in an effort to point out the state of society1. Spengler compared culture to an organism, in a context, that culture is something that is, grows and then dies. Spengler viewed culture as a development born out of creativity. He defined civilization as the result of a culture. As in, the product after a culture has been created. According to Spengler civilization, is the tangible culture. Civilization is a culture that has been transformed to be physical. The Faustian or western culture was born in Western Europe during the 10th century. The western culture became a civilization in the 20th century when it was present in most parts of the world. Religion helps a culture seek identification and exhibits the different stages in the development of a culture2. Totalitarian states are governments whose primary objective is to control the people it governs entirely. Totalitarianism requires people to comply with the government’s policies without any opposition. Totalitarian states are termed as dictatorships. The following are the authoritarian policies of Adolf Hitler in Germany. Â · Hitler devolved his party to smaller units scattered all over the country. He led with charisma and devotion to convince people that he only had good intentions. Before acquiring

Are children with Attention Deficit Disorder being overmedicated Research Paper

Are children with Attention Deficit Disorder being overmedicated - Research Paper Example However, due increased research and concerns, treatment providers have embraced the use of behavioral interventions for treatment. This paper will examine the patterns of medication of children with this disorder to establish whether there is overmedication. It will first provide a general introduction of the disorder, explaining its prevalence, and history. It will also discuss the standard diagnosis criteria for the disorder as well as its effects and treatment options. Introduction Attention Deficit disorder (ADD) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome linked with major functional impairment, including patient and family distress, comorbid psychiatric and developmental conditions, and poor academic outcomes. The prevalence of ADD according to population-based studies estimate is about 4%. The diagnosis and identification of Attention- deficit disorder in children is usually during their early elementary school years making it one of the most frequent behavioral or psychological disorders of childhood (Rappley et al, 1999). Bedard et al (2003) asserts that Attention deficit disorder is among the most widespread developmental psychiatric disorders detected in childhood. One of the recent theory claims that the crucial impairment in this disorder is a deficit concerning response inhibition. He explains, â€Å"Response inhibition is part of the multidimensional construct of inhibition and is a self-generated, higher-order executive function that refers to the ability to stop a planned course of action.† According to prevalence studies carried out, boys are 2 times more prevalent to ADD than girls are. In addition, these studies have also reported on a positive link between ADD and academic problem. However, across studies there was a great variation on the degree of co morbidity ranging from 10% to 90%. Although research have not confirmed, there is an assumed link of ADD prevalence and the children’s background being more prevalent among children from min ority and low-income populations (LeFever et al, 1999). It is in the late 1960s in the United States that the construction of ADD occurred with the acceptance that a variety of behavioral characteristics defined the medical disorder without a specific requirement to ascertain evidence of neurological or biological dysfunction. The rapid increase in the use of the diagnosis and treatment with medication globally occurred in the 1990s. In the United States and Australia, there is a significant increase in diagnosis although there has been an evident increase in other countries worldwide (Kean, 2004). Effects of the disorder and diagnosis Among the signs experienced by quite a numbers of children with ADD during the adolescent years

Biomedical issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biomedical issues - Essay Example As it is the most dangerous forms and caused by the effect of the carcinogens, the early detection and treatment are the important issues. The tobacco smoking and limitation of the other carcinogens’ effect should be also taken into account. Lung cancer is a carcinoma or a cancer that develops from the epithelial cells. Lung cancer evokes in the lungs where these cell are genetically damaged. There are three main forms of damages: squamous dysplasia/carcinoma in situ, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (Kernstine and Reckamp, 2011: 35). These cells start to proliferate creating the tumour. If the tumour remains untreated, the cancer cells can be transported to the other tissues creating the metastases. Typically, 7-15 are necessary for the tumour development (Eckard and Kimmis, 2009: 12). There are two main types of lung cancer: small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 10-15 % of the lung cancers are SCLC. The rest is NSCLC In case of small-cell lung cancer small cancer cells create tumours in the lung. These small cell may also penetrate to the other tissues. In case of non–small-cell lung cancer the cancer cells are seen under the microscope as relatively larger. The presented classification is used for the treatment of the disease (Eckard and Kimmis, 2009: 13). The symptoms of the lung cancer can classified on the local and distant effects. Typical local effects are connected with the lung damages and include cough, wheezing, shortened breath and pains in chest. The most common distant effect is weight loss. Some forms of lung cancer may cause hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. The detectable symptoms mean that the disease has already been developed within the body (Churg et al., 2011: 447-450). The effect of the carcinogens is the main cause of lung cancer. Smoking (including second hand smoking) is the common

Manufacturer Brief Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Manufacturer Brief - Case Study Example Number of employees: According to the data as at 2013, the company has an approximate of 2,000 employees. The number of employees has been increasing for the last five years an indication that the company is growing. Annual revenue: The Company’s annual revenue is approximated to be $150 million. According to the world’s statistic, the company’s revenue has been increasing with 2 per cent for the last seven years. Recent news release: The Company introduced four digital TLM 103D microphones for vocal applications building. The microphones have a little self-generated noise. They also have a clear sound transmission that is clearly heard at a distance. The Company’s interaction with its clients: The Company has an active interaction with its customers. Through the company’s website, clients can submit their proposals and complaints. More so, the company has created a page in social media like Facebook. The created page enables the company to market itself and also to receive customers’ opinions. It has helped the Company produce microphones that meet the customers’ tastes and

Pacific Precision Financial Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pacific Precision Financial Situation - Essay Example Pacific Precision's increasing NWC can be examined by looking at the components of this financial measure. Appendix 1 shows how this is computed for the years 2002-2004. What becomes apparent is the increase in days' sales outstanding and days' sales of inventory. The increase in days' sales outstanding indicates the inefficiency of the company in collecting its accounts receivable. Having its sales tied up in accounts receivable for a longer period means that it doesn't have adequate cash to cover its immediate obligations. Meanwhile, the increase in days' sales in inventory shows that Pacific Precision is not very efficient in moving its inventory into sales. This has negative implications-the company incurs holding cost of inventory and its current asset becomes bloated with less liquid resources. These two ratios simply imply that the company's inefficiency makes it less liquid and hindering it from paying its current creditors, and thus, a higher NWC. 2. 2. What is your assessment of Pacific Precision's profitability Keeping in mind that there are many ways to measure profitability (net income, ROS, ROE, ROA, EVA, etc.), what observations would you make about adequacy One of the ultimate measures of Pacific Precision's profitability is its computed return on equity (ROE). It should be noted that the main goal of a business organization is to maximize shareholder value which is, in turn, measured through the ROE. In order to gain an adequate assessment, the company's ROE must be benchmarked with the other players in the industry. Appendices 2 and 3 show the computed ROEs of Pacific Precision and its competitors from 2002-2004. It should be noted that Pacific Precision's ROE is in an uptrend during the period under consideration. During 2002, the company records a 12% ROE which mounts to 13.34% and 18.18% in 2003 and 2004, respectively. This becomes a good indication of the company's performance as it reflects its ability to enhance its profitability. However, in the benchmark analysis, it can be seen that the company is performing worse than its two competitors. In fact, Company #2 even manages to record an ROE of 20.7% during 2004. Even though Pacific Precision's profitability is improving, it should be noted that it lags behind other industry players. 3. It appears that Pacific is increasingly dependent on short-term debt. What is driving this use, and is it in your estimation a relatively minor or a serious issue for management Over the past years, Pacific Precision has been becoming overly dependent on short-term debt. One reason that the case states is the company's previous attraction to the low interest rates on yen short term loans. However, interest rates have increased making these short term debts escalates. The dependence on short term, debt can also be attributed to the company's inefficiency in managing its working capital. As stated

Piracy in Somalia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Piracy in Somalia - Term Paper Example These pirates catch hold of the ships and take the travellers and crew as hostage. Subsequently they start asking for huge sums of money from the ship owners or the respective governments. Some such major incidents taking place in the recent past include; On 8th April 2009, the Maersk Alabama, a US container ship carrying food aid for Somalis, was attacked in the Indian Ocean. After some negotiations, the pirates let go the crew but held the ship's captain as hostage in one of the lifeboat on the high seas. Subsequently, the captain was rescued in a daring attack by US Navy on 12th April, killing all the hostages. This was said to be the first instance of holding a US captain as hostage (Sheikh and Guled, 2009). Some months back, Somali Pirates caught hold of 'MV Faina', on 23rd September 2008. A Ukrainian ship loaded with tanks and antiaircraft guns was held by these pirates for about five months and released it only on 6th February after receiving the ransom amount (Jones and McGreal, 2009). Since the ship was loaded with explosive material bound for Kenya, six US warships kept a continuous vigil on the warship to ensure that these arms are not siphoned off elsewhere. Somali pirates seized MV Sirius Star, a 300,000-ton, 1,000-foot-long Saudi oil tanker on 18th November 2008 and released it only after more than a month. MV Sirius Star is stated to the largest ship ever held hostage by sea-pirates. Loaded with more than two million barrels of oil worth $100m the ship was set free only after a ransom amount of $3 million was dropped on the ship through a parachute (NBC, 2009). Though we are just into the fourth month of the year 2009, but there have been more than 66 such attacks already by the Pirates (McCrummen and DeYoung, 2009). The manner in which these pirates are able to extract big money from the corporate world seems to suggest that it is one of the most thriving things ever happened to Somalia. After extracting money from the ships, these pirates go on partying and enjoying for many days, which in turn must have been helping the Somali economy. This raises the ethical question about the manner in which such practices are in a way being encouraged form within Somalia. After knowing about such acts of terror from these bandits on Somali waters, one would be tempted to think about ways and means to counter such heinous acts. No civil society would encourage such actions. But, in case of Somalia, things do not appear as straight and simple. There are people, particularly from Somalia who think that these pirates are resorting to such acts of piracy in retaliation to what they have suffered all this while at the hand of European and Western nations. This raises the ethical questions as to why these pirates are being encouraged by the civil society. To find an answer to this question we will have to take a look at the recent past. Somalia has been at war with itself, particularly during the late 1980s and 1990s. The country was ruled by Mohamed Siad Barre, with an iron hand from 1969 to 1991. As public resentment started growing against this dictator, he was thrown out of power in 1991 and thereafter the country went into lawlessness. Though UN led forces remained in Somalia for some time after that, but with the increasing incidents of a

Childhood Obesity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Childhood Obesity - Research Paper Example An experimental research conducted by Harris, Bargh and Brownell (2009) suggests that children and adolescents are more influenced by advertisements than adults. Authors carried out two experiments to evaluate the behaviors of both children and adults after watching television advertisements. The eating behaviors were analyzed and the results concluded that children’s junk food intake increased by 45% after advertisements. On the other hand, adults were more motivated to take healthy meals rather than junk food (Harris, et al., 2009). The group that is badly affected by media exposure, television programs and advertising campaigns are youngsters. Many researches and surveys are conducted to understand the effects of food, alcohol, smoking and general advertisements on children and their behaviors. The food advertisements lead to a great change in children’s food choices and intake (Hastings et al., 2003; IOM, 2006; Story & French, 2004). Other studies examining the corr elation and quasi-experiments reveal that more exposure to media leads to greater consumption of unhealthy dietary habits among children (IOM, 2006). Importance of the Problem of Childhood Obesity Obesity is the result of a number of factors; unhealthy dietary habits and food consumption patterns remain the most important of them. ... There is a strong relationship between unhealthy food advertisement and increasing obesity among children Lobstein & Dibb, 2005). On the other hand, Ebbeling, Pawlak & Ludwig (2002) also discuss the role of overeating due to High glycaemic index foods which end up producing a great increase in postprandial blood glucose concentrations and affect the appetite regulation. Fast food is considered as the root cause of adverse eating habits as it comprises all adverse dietary factors like saturated and trans fat, high glycaemic index, high energy density, and, increasingly, large portion size. Moreover, fast food is considered to have low amounts of fibre, micronutrients, and antioxidants which help in tackling the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes (Ebbeling, Pawlak & Ludwig, 2002). Method of data collection In order to carry out a qualitative analysis of the problem childhood obesity and the role of media (particularly of advertisements) on its prevalence, the research papers f rom various sources will been used. The journals of health, behavior and physical activity as well as reviews of important researches will be included in the research paper. Search engines that are used include Google and the online libraries including EbscoHost and Jstor are being used to gather information from credible journals. Preliminary Results Obesity is a disease state which is now turning into a matter of global concern because of the increase in the statistics associated with the pathology. This condition serves as an underlying cause for many degenerative diseases which include diabetes mellitus and diseases of the major organs systems of the body. Obesity is a condition which is not restricted to adults but it also affects a large number of children as well. This

Senator Profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Senator Profile - Essay Example Corker is a Presbyterian and in his late twenties, he participated in a mission trip to Haiti. This trip inspired him to become proactive in the welfare of his home community. He remarkably pioneered the founding of Chattanooga Neighborhood Enterprise, a nonprofit organization aimed at providing low interest home loans as well home maintenance knowledge to thousands of Tennesseans since 1986. This enterprise since its inception in 1986 has aided many families to enjoy decent, fit, and affordable housing. Prior to his graduation from the university, Corker worked as a construction laborer. This points out to his love for hard work and determination to succeed in life. Upon his graduation, he worked as a construction superintendent where he managed to save adequate money. He later commenced his own construction company in 1979 with $ 8,000 he had saved from his former job. Admirably, this company grew tremendously gaining reputation owed to meeting deadlines not only on time but also b elow the budget. This attracted numerous clients prompting him to expand operations in eighteen states. In 1999, he had gathered enough funds to purchase two of the largest and oldest commercial real estate companies in Chattanooga. When appointed Tennessee Commissioner of Finance and Administration by Governor Don Sundquist in1994, bob exhibited exemplary leadership. In his two years in this docket, he tightened the state’s budget and helped eradicate poverty by creating jobs for almost forty thousand Tennesseans. In 2001, Corker rises to become the mayor of Chattanooga where he serves for one term. During his tenure as the mayor, he is famous of fascinating $ 2.1 billion new investments to Chattanooga. He also transformed the waterfront as well as implemented the merit bonus pay for teachers. This program improved student achievement especially in most poor performing schools. He also markedly contributed to crime reduction by working closely with local law enforcement offi cials. Focusing on his political life, Bob’s interest in politics dates back in 1994 when he declared his interest in contending for the senatorial seat on a Republican ticket. Unfortunately, he lost to his major opponent Bill Frist during the Republican primaries. However, even after losing to Bill, he continually supported Bill to the general election. This is adorable as it portrays his partisanship and loyalty to the Republican Party. Remarkably, the critics of Bill’s campaign manager who tagged him â€Å"pond scum† did not move him. Soon after the 1994 elections, Don Sunquist appointed him the Commissioner of Finance and Administration for the State of Tennessee where he served between 1995 and 1996. During his time in this office, Bob is attributable with numerous achievements like the $2.1 billion investment, cutting down crime by almost half, improving the quality of education amongst others. Bob served as the Mayor for Chattanooga following his victory in the 2001 elections. As a Mayor, he is significant for his value addition to education in Chattanooga. This he achieved by implementing a â€Å"merit based bonus system.† This program entailed giving bonuses to principals and teacher whose students exhibited improved performances. This encouraged competition amongst schools and ultimately improved performance of the students around Chattanooga. It is also during this time that Corker established a program aimed at facilitating monthly meetings with public

Pyramus and Thisby Essay Example for Free

Pyramus and Thisby Essay In spite of that, Bottom considers his acting to be remarkable, so remarkable that he thinks he can play all the characters of Pyramus and Thisby. I will roar you as gently as any sucking dove; I will roar you an twere any nightingale. Bottom feels that he is fully capable of playing the role of a gentle, charming Thisby, and even that of a monstrously horrifying lion. This characteristic of his is very effective in generating hilarity as he very naively presumes that he alone can handle the production of Pyramus and Thisby. Contrarily, his performance as Pyramus alone is rather alarming. Now die, die, die, die, die. Bottom tries exceedingly hard to convince the audience of Pyramus death. The word die is repeated four times, implying how incessantly Bottom tries to assure the onlookers that he is unquestionably dead. This initiates some final mirth on Bottoms foolishly absurd identity. Bottoms transformation into a donkey is another very amusing part of the play. What makes this idiosyncrasy all the more entertaining is his nescience about it throughout the play. I see their knavery. This to make an ass of me, to fright me, if they could. Bottom never realises the radical change he has undergone and very potently amplifies the hilarity of the comedy since he leads all his actions normally, never comprehending how abnormal he looks. Also very effective in this dialogue of Bottoms is the usage of the word ass as a pun. He is completely unaware that at the precise moment that he is uttering the dialogue, an ass is literally what he looks. His declaration of the other workmen making an ass of him is also humorous since his name Bottom already signifies his existence as an ass. Furthermore, is the levity of Bottoms romance with Titania. Unfamiliar with the fairies, Bottom is far from apprehending why Titania confesses love for him. Methinks mistress, you should have little reason for that. And yet, to say the truth, reason and love keep little company together now-a-days. Bottoms statement is greatly suited to the moment, not only to describe his situation but also that of the four lovers. Like Lysanders immortal line, The course of true love never did run smooth, Bottoms opinion goes well with the obstacles and complications that have developed in the play. Despite that, it does not stop the ridiculousness of his and Titanias liaison from augmenting the humour of the Elizabethan comedy. O how I love thee! How I dote on thee! Titanias love for Bottom is entirely unreasonable. Being the queen of the fairies, she has one of the highest ranks in the play, while Bottom being a workman, has the lowest. The fairies also consider themselves to be of a much higher position than mere human beings. In the face of this, Titania loses both mind and body to an ass-headed and ugly Bottom, a low class workman. This efficiently illuminates the impediments that the love juice can bring about and the thoughtlessness that attaches itself to all that encounter it. The central figure of this Elizabethan comedy is Puck, the mischievous sprite. He conducts all the melodrama of the play; all the confusion, all the mischief, begins with him. What, a play toward! Ill be an auditor, An actor too perhaps, if I see cause. Even before watching any of the drama, Puck has plans to play a part in it. Apart from being Master of Revels to Oberon, Puck forms a schedule of his own; he always satisfies his interests and curiosities. This makes the audience more cognisant of the trickery and complexities going on in the play. Not being related to either the fairies or the lovers, the mechanicals have no reason to be a target of Pucks pranks. Correspondingly, his involvement in the disruption of their rehearsals proves how he has his independent diversions. The roles and traits of Theseus, Hippolyta and Philostrate are rather similar to those of Oberon, Titania and Puck. In theatrical performances of A Midsummer Nights Dream, the actors playing the roles of Theseus, Hippolyta and Philostrate often tend to play the roles of Oberon, Titania and Puck, respectively. In relation to this, Philostrate and Puck have analogous characteristics as Master of Revels. At the beginning of the play, Theseus tells Philostrate to spread celebration and joy of the marriage of Theseus and Hippolyta. Stir up the Athenian youth to merriments, Awake the pert and nimble spirit of mirth, Midsummers Eve was traditionally a time for celebrating with decoration, greenery and a sense of magic. Philostrate obeys the orders of Theseus as Puck obeys Oberon. Puck enters the play as a reflection of Philostrate, spreading magic and havoc with a mischievous side to all his intentions. Notwithstanding, Puck does make a critical mistake amidst his effervescent pranks. The highlight of the play is Pucks misunderstanding of Lysander for Demetrius. Did you not tell me that I should know the man By the Athenian garments he had on? Puck makes an easy error with the love juice. Asked to recognise Demetrius by his attire, he mistakes Lysander for him. This is sure to instigate some tension on the audiences part as they realise that something confusing can happen with the application of the love juice to the wrong person. It also potently marks an Elizabethan comedy because it opens the second phase of the play, where chaos is at its peak. The love juice is the key element of this romantic comedy. Love and friendship turn to hatred in a moment, and vice versa. Injurious Hermia, most ungrateful maid, Have you conspired, have you with these contrived, To bait me with this foul derision? Helena accuses Hermia of deliberately setting up Lysander and Demetrius love for her, to mock her and humiliate her. The love juice has unconditionally distorted the relationships amongst the four lovers. The purpose and positions of love and hatred have interchanged. The circumstances change over in a moment and later, go back to normal in the bat of an eye. This efficiently improves the prospect of a dream. The onlookers will themselves be forced to wonder if all that had happened was real, or just an illusion. Despite the fact that love and companionship instantaneously transfigure into repugnance, all the anger and vexation lacks asperity. Get you gone, you dwarf, You minimus, of hindering knot-grass made, You bead, you acorn. The bitterness amongst the lovers tends to be somewhat mild reflecting that past love has suddenly changed into enmity. The insults, although vociferated under strain and anxiety, do not come across as seriously as they are interpreted amongst the lovers. This helps in enriching the humour. The words dwarf, bead and acorn are tiny, pleasant things that have been used as objects of offence. Construed seriously amidst the characters, these insults are catalysts to laughter from the viewers as they hardly initiate any anger or humiliation. When the plays focus returns to the centre of civilisation in Athens, there is harmony, peace and the order of matrimony for all couples. Marriage itself is one of the chief traits of an Elizabethan comedy. During the Elizabethan era, comedies customarily followed the pattern of order and peace at the beginning, followed by extreme chaos, and ending in harmony with a marriage to mark the return of order. It can hence be concluded that A Midsummer Nights Dream is a thoroughgoing Elizabethan comedy. Yet, throughout the play, the lovers and their love is made fun of. Cupid is a knavish lad, All the love and its intricacies, the anxiety, loss, sorrow, bereavement and broken hearts are the exquisite ingredients of a first-rate tragedy. Nonetheless, A Midsummer Nights Dream is intentionally developed as a romantic comedy, with the disruptive elements to mark its midst. The viewers can efficiently see all the arcane aspects of love and devotion, and at the same time, enjoy the humour of romance. The ending of the play is greatly suited to finish off the confusion and misunderstandings of the past. In the epilogue, the actor playing the role of Puck steps out of character to accost the viewers. That you have but slumbered here No more yielding but a dream, The audience is addressed with an apology for any unsatisfactory or offending presentations. This helps in ending the show on a merry and cordial note. The mention of a dream creates the perfect theme for the epilogue; it relates back to the situations of the four lovers where complexities and discords were passed off as a dream. In my opinion, William Shakespeare has been tremendously successful in portraying this play as Elizabethan comedy. I liked the structure of order at the beginning, followed by despair and disorder and an ending with marriage to restore happiness for all. A Midsummer Nights Dream is by far the best play of William Shakespeare that I have read. I have loved the storyline and the humour as well the legendary characters.

Characteristics Of A Smartphone Operating System Computer Science Essay

Characteristics Of A Smartphone Operating System Computer Science Essay In todays world of computerization, you must have heard a lot about programming. Programming refers to a process which carries out a set of instructions to do a particular task. Presently, programming is extended beyond computers to various application systems, one such application system is Communication Devices, which covers telephone exchanges like PBX (Private Branch eXchange), ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), Networking Devices like switches, router and terminal devices like ISDN phone, modems, mobile phones, and so on. Programming these devices is quite challenging in their own way as they involve challenging requirements like real time processing, multi-device handling, enormous features, friendly GUI, and so on. We in this unit have chosen smartphone a mobile phone variant as an example to describe the programming aspects associated with its functioning. In this unit, we will discuss as to what a Smartphone is and also its features that has made it so popular. We will also discuss about the Smartphone operating systems. You will find the necessity for an operating system in Smartphones and the characteristics that these operating systems support. You can easily relate many of the concepts to the mobile phone that you or your acquaintances might be using. Mobile phone usage has increased manifold over the past decade. ,A mobile phone (also called as cellular phone, cell phone or hand phone) is an electronic device which facilitates two-way telecommunications over a cellular network of base stations, or cell sites. A general classification of mobile phones based on features are: One is Feature phones, or low end phones, which offer basic services like making and receiving calls, radio (FM) services, and sending or receiving Short Message Services (SMS). The other is Smart phones, which offer more advanced technology, like connection to the World Wide Web (www), sending Multimedia Message Services (MMS), accessing Bluetooth and infrared applications, playing audio and video files, providing GPS functions etc,. Bluetooth is a wireless technology used to exchange data by connecting devices within short distance. Infrared is a wireless technology used to exchange data by connecting two electronic devices. A Smartphone is a remarkable invention; it is a mobile phone with more offerings that fits in your pocket and lets you communicate from anywhere in the world. The primary difference between mobile phones and Smartphones is that the Smartphones have complete operating software, which provides a standardized interface and platform for application developers. Smartphones are like laptops or miniature computers, and can perform a variety of functions. As the Smartphones have operating software and a standard interface, the users have the ability to add applications and upgrade features and services on their mobile phones. Let us see how Smartphones evolved. Today, with technological advancement, the Personal Computer (PC) is a part of everyday life as a productivity, entertainment, and communication device. Like laptops the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) were introduced as mobile computing devices with less memory capacity. These PDAs, also known as handheld computers or palmtops, are electronic organizer or planner that can easily share any information with the computer. It is basically a high end organizer phone. The concept of Smartphone is obtained from the PDAs and mobile phones. Initially, PDAs were developed to access Internet while mobile phones were meant to receive calls, send messages, etc, Then the Smartphone was invented which had the ability to fit more functionality into a smaller device. Smartphones are a combination of the functionalities of mobile phone as well as the features of PDA. Like most inventions, Smartphones are built on a chain of prior technological advancements of semiconductor miniaturization, battery technology, display devices, touch panels, and the invention of telephone and wireless technology. We will be touching upon the features of Smartphone in detail in the subsequent sections. Self Assessment Questions A mobile phone is an electronic device which facilitates two-way telecommunications over a _____________ of base stations, or cell sites. Smartphones offer basic services like making and receiving calls. (True/False)? PDA stands for __________________. Smartphone Features Smartphone is a combination of both mobile phone and handheld computer, into a single device. Smartphone is a single device which allows users to store information (for example, e-mail) and install programs, along with the use as a mobile phone. We can say that a Smartphone is a mobile phone with some PDA functions integrated into the device or vice versa. The features offered by the Smartphones are the most important factor that has made it so prominent in the present day. Let us now discuss these features: Software: Smartphones are operated with the help of software to manage basic functions like address book, messaging, and searching stored data. The software in a Smartphone has advanced features that allow you to create and edit MS Office documents and download applications. Most of the Smartphones support full featured e-mail capabilities with the functionality of a complete Personal Organizer with book or binder, containing a calendar, address book, scheduler, and other such functions. Operating system: Smartphones comes with an operating system that supports various applications. It also helps to maintain the software and hardware used in these phones. The Symbian, Windows mobile, and Android are some examples of the operating systems used in Smartphones. Managing calls: The user can manage multiple calls (conference calls) and concurrent calls on the Smartphone with the help of User Interface (UI). Apart from changing the ring tones based on callers or groups, the cell phone allows you to record the calls in digital format and save them to your computer. Access to internet: With the introduction of Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity), Smartphone facilitates its users to access Internet at higher speed using the 3G technology (It is a third generation wireless technology that facilitates advanced multimedia access, global roaming, and high speed communication). Thereby the device helps you to browse your favourite websites, send and receive emails, and download games faster as you would do it on your desktop computers. It also facilitates users to automatically reformat the HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) pages for display on small screen. HTML is a markup language that is used to structure text, graphics, and sounds in a web page by the use of various tags. The device can also access Web2.0 content. Web 2.0 is related to web applications that provide interoperability, information sharing, and user friendly design Advance GPS features: The GPS (Global Positioning System) feature present in the Smartphone helps users to get driving directions, point of interest in the locality, or search businesses by using the gadget. The Smartphone users can obtain current location by connecting to portable GPS receiver or integrating a GPS receiver to the device. QWERTY keyboard: With a Smartphone, you can get a keyboard like the one that you use with your computer. You can use a physical keyboard to type on or a touch screen like an iPhone which is operated by software. An iPhone is a smartphone (product of Apple) which provides all the features of a smartphone such as, internet access, touch controls, and so on. Multimedia features: Smartphones are also featured with built-in digital camera and a sound recorder. Apart from taking still pictures, you can also record video clips. These features allow you to share the Multi Media Messages (MMS) with other Smartphones via email, Bluetooth or infrared with or without the help of additional software. Touch Screen: A Typical PDA has a touch screen, which is an electronic visual display or input device for entering data. These days most of the Smartphones have this feature allowing the user to easily select various features of the phone. The best place where you can experience the usage of the touch screen is in the ATMs (Automated Teller Machine), as most of the ATMs have a touch screen. ATM is a telecommunication device that provides financial assistance to the clients of a financial institution. ATM is also known as a Cashpoint.. An automated teller machine (ATM), also known as automatic banking machine (ABM), Cash Machine, or Cashpoint, is a computerised telecommunications device that provides the clients of a financial institution with access to financial transactions in a public space without the need for a cashier, human clerk or bank teller. Wireless Connectivity: Many Smartphones come with Wireless Wide-Area Networks. Latest Smartphones have Bluetooth wireless connectivity. It can be used to connect keyboards, headsets, GPS and many other accessories. Superior PDAs have Wi-Fi or WLAN (Wireless Local-Area Networks) connectivity, which can be used to connect to Wi-Fi hotspots or wireless networks. Messages: The Smartphone offers facility to send and receive not only text messages but also multi media messages. It facilitates to send and receive messages through e-mails. It even provides access to the web based messaging services such as, Yahoo messenger. Resolution and screen size: The Smartphone offers a high resolution screen and a big screen size that helps you to carry out different functions easily. Some Smartphones provide touch screen facility for better view and easy functioning of the device. Memory: This is an important feature as it is very essential to support various features such as operating system or screen resolution. As a user, memory means the flash memory storage chip where you can store all files and applications. The RAM (Random Access Memory) is the physical location in the chip where the operating system and other applications run. The RAM size for a Smartphone can be in the order of 10MB to 20MB. Besides the Ram, users can add flash memory for storing their data like contact details, songs, video recording etc. Flash Memory in a Smartphone is either inbuilt or can be installed as an add-on. The memory size of the Smartphone depends upon the manufacturer. For example, Apple iPhone 3GS Smartphone has a flash memory of 16GB that can be extendable up to 32GB. Synchronization facility: An important function of Smartphones is, synchronizing data with a computer. Most of the Smartphones come with the facility to synchronize to a PC. This feature allows maintaining the latest contact information stored on software like Microsoft Outlook. Thus, we can say that in contrast to the regular cell phone, a Smartphone offers advanced features as it combines the features of a cell phone and a PDA. Self Assessment Questions: A Smartphone is a combination of both ___________ and handheld computers into a single device. GPS stands for _____________. An important function of Smartphone is _______________ data with a PC. Activity 1: Examine few Smartphones and analyze the various features it provides. Mobile/Smartphone Operating System As you know that operating system is one of the important features of a mobile/Smartphone, let us now illustrate this feature.. In general an Operating System(OS) refers to a program that helps to run various other programs on a computer. It also manages the software and hardware of the system. The most important software in any Smartphone is its operating system. It is also referred as mobile platform. Need for mobile operating system The mobile operating system powers mobile devices like mobile phones, Smartphones, PDAs, and Tablet PCs (a wireless PC equipped with a touch screen and a digital pen). It manages the mobile device hardware, memory, and software resources. It controls the functioning, and the capabilities of a mobile device. The feature set, security, reliability, and the ease of use are not the only criteria that make a mobile platform good or bad, but also the flexibility of the mobile platform to integrate with diverse set of devices and software systems. A mobile operating system controls everything from handling the input obtained from touch screen, keyboard, or some external device to controlling the memory and the overall functioning of the device. It also manages the communication and the interplay between the mobile device and other compatible hardware such as, computers, televisions, or printers. Operating system manages and controls all the features and functionalities of the mobile device. Therefore, a Smartphone is a combination of the hardware and the operating system, which determines what capabilities it can or cannot support. As the operating system manages the hardware and software resources of Smartphones, it is responsible for determining the functions and features available on the device. Smartphone is a combination of mobile technology that is the mobile phone and PDA, which are based on the computer applications All Smartphones are embedded with an operating system which enables the operation of software applications. In addition to the principle features like phone calls and messaging, you can send e-mails, manage your personal and office documents, and visit websites for searching information, play online games, and read news. It also allows sharing and downloading of documents and applications. If a Smartphone is to allow multiple applications to run simultaneously, it must have an operating system that facilitates the sharing of processing and memory resources among multiple applications. Additionally, the operating system must allow users to switch between the active applications. Characteristics of a smartphone operating system Even though the functionality of an operating system used in computers and Smartphones are same, certain characteristics of a Smartphone operating system are different from the ones used in computers. The characteristics that a Smartphone operating system should comprise are as follows: Resource-limited hardware: Smartphones should be able to support various applications. It should also provide facility to access Internet. But to meet these requirements, Smartphones have limited memory and processing power when compared to the desktop PCs and Laptops. Thus, the operating system must be careful in using hardware resources especially memory. It should not only utilize less memory but also consist of architecture that provides support for applications to limit their use of memory. It should also have the capability to handle low-memory situations gracefully. Robustness: A user expects a mobile operating system to be robust. This means it should be strong and unlikely to fail or crash. The device must not only be designed to avoid crash, but must also provide support functions and policies. These support functions and policies allow the device to handle application errors and out-of-memory situations, without hampering the functionalities of the Smartphone. User interface for limited user hardware: The operating system should implement a user interface environment that is efficient and intuitive to use, despite the smaller screen and limited user input capabilities of the Smartphone. Furthermore, the screen sizes and input capabilities vary between different models of Smartphones, so the User Interface architecture should be flexible, such that it can be customized for the various user interface objects. Library support: Smartphone operating systems should contain middleware libraries and frameworks with APIs that implement and abstract the functionality of the features of the Smartphone. The purpose is to provide functional consistency and to ease the software development. Middleware library and framework is a software layer that acts as a mediatory between the application and the systems operating system. The middleware framework consists of a set of components that connects the application with the underlying OS. Examples of Smartphone middleware include libraries and frameworks for email, SMS, MMS, Bluetooth, cryptography, multimedia, User Interface features, and GSM or GPRS, which provide more support for Smartphone features. Popular mobile operating systems Some of the popular mobile operating systems are: Symbian Android BlackBerry Operating System Windows mobile Java enabled Garnet Operating System Linux Symbian: Symbian operating system is the most popular operating system used in most Smartphones and mobile phones today. The heritage of Symbian OS begins with some of the first handheld devices. This operating system began its existence in 1988 as SIBO (an acronym for 16-bit organizer). SIBO ran on computers developed by Psion Computers, which developed operating system to run on small footprint devices. It was designed with specific criteria that can be characterized by event-driven communications, using client-server relationships and stack-based configurations. Client-server describes the relation between two computer programs. The client program sends a service request to the server program. The server program fulfils the request. The Symbian operating system is developed using C++ programming language. The Symbian operating system is a mobile operating system that was specially built to run on a Smartphone platform. It fits in the memory of a mobile phone because of its compatibility. It is considered as a full fledged operating system. Symbian operating system supports multitasking and multithreading. Many processes can run concurrently, they can communicate with each other and utilize multiple threads that run internal to each process. It facilitates good support for graphics and data management. This operating system has a file system that is compatible with Microsoft Windows operating system. It even supports other file system implementations through a plug-in interface. It uses TCP/IP networking as well as several other communication interfaces, such as serial, infrared and Bluetooth. For example, Nokias bestseller Smartphone 6600 was developed using the Symbian operating system. Android: Android is an operating system for mobile devices that is developed by Google. .Android operating systems are based on the Linux kernel and the GNU software. Android has a large community of developers writing applications that has helped to extend the functionality of the devices. The developers write managed code in Java, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries. The Android operating systems offer a virtual machine that is optimized for the mobile devices. It provides a structured data storage by the use of SQLite. It facilitates with technologies such as, Bluetooth, 3G and WiFi that are hardware dependent. It enables reuse and replacements of components through an application framework. For example Sony Ericsson XPERIA X10 is developed using Android operating system. A virtual machine can be referred to an environment or a program that does not physically exists but is created inside another environment. BlackBerry operating system: The BlackBerry operating system is an e-mail based operating system introduced in a Smartphone device developed by the Canadian company, Research In Motion (RIM). It includes typical Smartphone applications like address book, calendar, to-do lists, and telephone capabilities. It supports push e-mail, mobile telephone, text messaging, Internet faxing, Web browsing and other wireless information services. It offers a multitasking environment which helps to perform more than one task at the same time. The system navigation is primarily accomplished by a scroll ball, or trackball in the middle of the device. It even offers support for WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and Java Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP). WAP helps to access mobile web from a Smartphone or a mobile phone. Java MIDP offers stipulation for employing Java on Smartphones. Windows Mobile: Windows Mobile is an operating system used in various mobile phones and Smartphones. It encompasses the entire software stack from the kernel to the application interface. This operating system is compatible with the Microsoft Office suite of programs. The current version is called Windows Mobile 6.5. It is based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel. Additionally, third-party software development is available for Windows Mobile, and the software can be purchased via the Windows Marketplace for Mobile. Originally appearing as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system, most Windows Mobile devices come with a stylus pen, which is used to enter commands by tapping it on the screen. Windows CE is a modular operating system that serves as the foundation for several classes of devices. Windows Mobile is best described as a subset of platforms based on a Windows CE. Currently, Pocket PC (now called Windows Mobile Classic), Smartphone (Windows Mobile Standard), and PocketPC Phone Edition (Windows Mobile Professional) are the three main platforms under the Windows Mobile umbrella. Windows Mobile is a Microsoft-defined custom platform for general use in Smartphones and PDAs. It consists of a Microsoft-defined set of minimum profiles (Professional Edition, Premium Edition) of software and hardware that is supported. It provides feature rich OS and interface for cellular phone handsets. It offers productivity features to business users, such as email, as well as multimedia capabilities for consumers. Java enabled: Smartphones with Java based OS are also available. SavaJe is one such O.S. which is java based. It includes everything from the kernel to the user interface framework and application suite. SavaJes complete suite of applications for advanced mobile phones spans the entire spectrum of handset functionality, including: A phone application, for voice calls management. A universal messaging application with a simple and intuitive user interface for MMS, SMS, and e-mail messages. A universal browser for transparent access to WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) , HTML and XHTML (eXtensible Hyper Text Markup Language) sites. XHTML is a markup language that is similar to HTML, used in the creation of webpages and is a combination of HTML and XML. A multimedia application for still and video capture and playback, including camera control and multiple media players. A Personal Information Management (PIM) application for contacts, calendar, tasks, notes and alarms management and synchronization to a local PC or over-the-air. Garnet Operating System: This was formerly known as Palm OS. This operating system combines a Linux-based foundation with applications written for the old Palm OS. The Palm OS was mainly used in PDAs, though the Treo line of Smartphones used it as well. The Garnet Operating System is also referred as Palm OS5. It is a specialized operating system for powering portable hand-held devices, Smartphones, and PDAs from ACCESS Systems, who developed software products and platforms for web browsing, mobile phones, wireless handhelds, and other networked devices. The Garnet Operating System has a built-in PACE (Palm Application Compatibility Environment). Garnet Operating System is capable of supporting wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth, and Infrared. In addition to this functionality, it also offers standard support for a variety of screen resolutions. Linux: Linux is unique among the other operating systems. This is because its development is driven by a community of developers rather than by a single company such as Symbian operating system in Nokia phones and blackberry OS in blackberry phones. According to ARCchart, the Linux operating system supports more processors than other operating system, though the most popular phone models still use the Symbian operating system. However, Linux is an organic OS, where in, the developers constantly change and update it even at the kernel level platforms. Six telecommunication companies are responding to this by forming the LiMo foundation, an organization that is attempting to create a standardized Linux platform. Smartphones based on the open source Linux operating system have emerged in the market. There are many advantages to using an open-source operating system like Linux. No cost and the opportunity to tap into the Linux open source community are appealing. This has made Linux grow, not only for the server and PC market space, but also in the embedded device area including handheld computers. For example, Motorola that is a notable supporter of Linux has released the A760 Smartphone based on this operating system. Linux may become the preferred operating system in full featured mobile terminals as well as a variety of embedded systems. Linux-powered Smartphone will hold an important position in the near future. Advantages and disadvantages of smartphones The usage of Smartphones is on the rise. The reason behind this widespread usage is because Smartphones provide enhanced features to users. Let us look at some of the advantages that Smartphones have: We can download applications or important data on-the-go. It is easier for us to carry a Smartphone when compared to a laptop or a PDA. We can incorporate different functionalities into a small device. 3G Internet allows us to browse the Internet at speeds faster than our internet connection at home. But Smartphones do have the following disadvantages when compared to Feature phones: Smartphones are generally high-priced because they support multiple features. To use all the wireless tools provided within the Smartphone, we would require an expensive wireless data plan. Self Assessment Questions _____________ operating system began its existence in 1988 as SIBO. Palm OS operating system combines a __________foundation with applications written for the old Palm OS. Windows Mobile OS is based on windows _____________. Android is an operating system for mobile devices that was developed by ____________. Windows Mobile operating system was developed by __________. The SavaJe OS is a __________ based system that includes everything from the kernel to the user interface framework and application suite. Garnet OS was formerly known as Palm OS.(True/False)? Activity 2: Check out few mobile phones in your contacts and find out which operating system is used and write down a comparison of the features offered. Summary In this unit we started with underlying the concept of Smartphones. We learnt that a Smartphone refers to a handheld device that offers the functionality of a mobile phone as well as the PDAs. We also came to know about the various features provided by Smartphones such as, operating system, software, access to internet, QWERTY keyboard, advanced GPS features, touch screen, memory, and so on. Then we discussed about the mobile or Smartphone operating system in detail. Here, we discussed the necessity for a mobile operating system. Furthermore, we even discussed the characteristics of a Smartphone operating system such as, robustness; resource limited hardware, user interface for limited user hardware, and library support. Later we also discussed about the various operating system support by these Smartphones or mobile phone. This includes operating systems such as Symbian, Android, Blackberry OS, Windows Mobile, Garnet OS, Java, and Linux. Glossary Let us have an overview of the important terms mentioned in the unit: Bluetooth: An open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances using short length radio waves from fixed and mobile devices Kernel: Is the central component of most computer operating systems, it is a bridge between applications and the actual data processing Middleware: Software that mediates between the application program and a network. Multitasking: It refers to the ability of the operating system to quickly switch between tasks, giving the appearance of simultaneous execution of tasks Multithreading: It widens the idea of multitasking into applications, so that specific operations within a single application can be subdivided into individual threads. SavaJe OS: A Java OS for advanced mobile phones. Developers can create better user interface using this OS. Thread: it is a light weight process. It is a single flow of with a process. QWERTY: It is the most used modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six characters Wi-fi: Networks build used for wireless network. Terminal Questions What is a Mobile Operating System? Name the types of mobile operating systems available in the market. List down various features of a Smartphone. What is a Symbian Operating System? Explain briefly the advantages and disadvantages of Smartphones Answers Self Assessment Questions Cellular network False Personal Digital Assistant Mobile phone Global Positioning System Synchronize Symbian Linux-based CE 5.2 kernel Google Microsoft Java True Terminal Questions Refer section 1.4 The Mobile/Smartphone Operating System that describes mobile platform. Refer sub-section 1.4.3 Popular mobile operating systems, which tells the various platforms used to develop a Smartphone. Refer section 1.3 Smartphone Features that describes the QWERTY keyboard and touch screen and other features. Nokias bestseller Smartphone 6600 was developed using this operating system. Refer sub-section 1.4.3 Popular mobile operating systems for details. Refer section 1.5 which lists various advantages and disadvantages of Smartphones. References and Suggested Readings Jochen Schiller (2009), Mobile Communications (Second Edition). E-References http://www.3gamericas.org. http://developer.symbian.com/main. http://www.microsoft.com/windows/WinHistoryIntro.mspx.

The Cross Cultural Negotiation Variables

The Cross Cultural Negotiation Variables Weiss (1993) identified twelve variables in the negotiation process which will lead to understanding negotiating style better. Different groups view the purpose and process of negotiation differently. Negotiation may be seen as a conflict in which one side wins and another loses, as a competition to identify who is best or as a collaborative process to formulate some undertaking. The winner of a negotiation in some countries is the one who gains the most concessions, regardless of the value of the concessions. Every group chooses negotiators on the basis of a variety of factors. Negotiators may be selected on the basis of their previous experience, their status, knowledge of a particular subject, or personal attributes. Different groups stress different aspects of the negotiations. Some groups stress substantive issues directly related to the agreement while others stress relationships. Different groups have their own particular etiquette associated with the negotiation process and their adherence to protocol varies according to its perceived importance. Protocol factors that should be considered are gift giving, entertainment, dress codes, seating arrangements, numbers of negotiators, timing of breaks, and planned duration of the process of negotiations. Different groups communicate in different ways and are more comfortable with one or another form of communications. Some groups rely on verbal communications, others on nonverbal. Some groups rely on one method, others mixed. The more varied method of communications, the more complex is the communication context and the more care must be given to understanding the context. Different groups attempt to persuade others and are persuaded by the use of a variety of different types of arguments. Some rely on facts and logical arguments, others on tradition and the way things were done in the past, still others on intuition or emotion and others on the beliefs associated with a particular religion or philosophy. Individuals play different roles in different societies. In some groups, the individual is seen as very important and a particular individuals success or failure can depend on the outcome of the negotiation process. In other groups, individuals are subordinate to the home negotiating party and personal ambitions are contained. Trust is a necessity if groups are going to work together to their mutual benefit and all groups seek to establish trust with the other parties in the negotiation process. Negotiation involves a degree of risk because the final outcome is unknown when the negotiations begin. Different groups view uncertainty and risk as relatively desirable or undesirable. The value of time differs from one group to another. Some people view time as limited and something to be used wisely. Others view time as plentiful and always available, therefore they are more likely to expect negotiations to progress slowly and to be flexible about schedules. Decisions are made differently in different groups. They may be made by individuals or by the group as a whole. Some groups accept the decision of the majority of the group members. Other groups seek consensus among group members and will not make a decision until all member have agreed. In some cultures, written agreements are expected; in others verbal agreements or a handshake is accepted. In some cultures, agreements are detailed and set out as many points as possible. In others, broad general agreements are preferred with details to be worked out as they arise. In some cultures, agreements are expected to be legally binding, in others, there is little faith in legal contracts and much more emphasis is placed on a persons obligation to keep his or her word. Chinese Negotiation Style China is going to be used to demonstrate that culture affects negotiation style. From Tony (2006)s research, there are three main Chinese negotiation styles. The Chinese negotiation styles includes Maoist bureaucrat in learning, Confucian gentleman, and Sun Tzu-like strategist. The Chinese negotiator as a Maoist bureaucrat always follows governments plan when doing business. The negotiator combines business with politics, avoids taking initiatives, shuns responsibility, and fears criticism. The Chinese negotiator is smart and tough because he is trained by Chinese bureaucracy daily in which bargaining is an important element (Davidson, 1987: Frankenstein, 1988; Lieberthal and Oksenberg, 1986; Pye, 1982). Being a Confucian gentleman, the Chinese negotiator behaves refers to the mutual trust and benefit, looking for cooperation and win-win solutions for everyone to succeed. He behaves high value on trust and sincerity on his own part. He analyses contracting essentially as an ongoing relationship or problem-solving process instead of a one-off legal package (Deverage, 1986; Kindel, 1990, Seligman, 1990; Shenkar and Ronen, 1987). He associated business with guanxi, friendship, and trust. His negotiation strategy is characterized by cooperation, basically. As a Sun Tzu-like strategist, the Chinese negotiator think negotiation is a zero-sum game and the marketplace as a battlefield (Chiao, 1981; Chu, 1991; Mun, 1990; Pye, 1982). He sets out to win-lose you, and never stops bargaining. The Chinese negotiator is skilful, provided with a formidable many of Chinese stratagems from his ancestors. Sun Tzu-like strategist adopts apparently soft but essentially tough tactics in negations. His negotiation strategy is characterized by competition. Managerial implications Sending the right team to negotiate in China is extremely important, the status of the team members will directly affect the attitude of Chinese host organization toward your company. Your team leader should be a person with charismatic charm, a patient personality, credibility and sufficient authority to make a key decision. It is crucial importance to show the Chinese the political support and governmental backing behind your China missions when negotiating large industrial high-risk B2B projects in China. The Chinese government is an importance player in business networks (Kock 1995). When embarking on a china venture makes sure you know the real Chinese negotiators. Despite the large Chinese team with many participants, the real Chinese negotiators usually are absent from the negotiation room. By identifying and negotiating with the real Chinese negotiators, you may, as a Chinese proverb stated, Get twice the result with half the effort. The number 8 is adored (whereas the number 4 is disfavoured) in Chinese culture. So try to use design 8 numbered products for China as a metaphor to enunciate the importance of respecting and learning Chinese sociocultural traits. From the perspective of Confucianism, China is a familistic society in which it takes time to build trust between non-family members. The Chinese distrust fast talkers who want to make quick deals (Pye, 1982, p. 92). By being patient, tolerant, calm, persistent, and honest in dealing with the Chinese, you will eventually win the Chinese heart and trust.

Fairy Tale :: essays research papers

June Essay Fairy Tale There are so many different fairly tales to pick from, so I decided to make up my own version of ABobby and Steven Up The Bean Stock@. Once upon a time there was a 15 year old boy name Bobby who was extremely bored. Bobby was out building his motocross track and a bean fell from the sky right in front of him. He didn=t think anything of it, so he just kept building his jump, and he buried it over the jump. Bobby was getting thirsty so he went in the house to get a drink of gatorade. When he came back out to the jump he saw a weed sprouting out of the jump. But as usual he thought nothing of it and kept building. When he was done, he watered the whole track, and then got ready to ride. When he got geared up and ready to go he started going towards the hill and noticed a huge bean stock shooting out of his jump. He went into shock, he=d never seen such a thing. Since Bobby is a very curious person he hopped off his bike and called his friend Steven to tell him. But of course he didn=t believe Bobby. Steven came over anyway expecting to ride, but when he got there he was in for a surprise. After they both calmed down they got exited. Both of them loved to go on journeys, so they started climbing, and after 2 hours of climbing they reached the top. When they got there they took some time to look around. After that they found a huge castle, to big to imagine. So as usual they snooped around and went inside. There was a room full of gold, so they each carried small hunks out as fast as they could. Half way to the bean stock the clouds started to shake viciously. They both looked far into the clouds (good thing Bobby had his contacts on) and saw a huge ugly man running toward them. Bobby and Steven ran as fast as there feet could carry them. When they got to the bean stock, they threw the gold down then both started climbing down very fast, almo st sliding down. They cut there time down to 30 minutes instead of two hours.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders, and the P.A.N.D.A.S. Conne :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Obsessive Compulsive Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders, and the P.A.N.D.A.S. Connection As someone who's been plagued by an Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorder since childhood, I can say it seems hopeless at times. For so long a sufferer feels that what they have isn't a legitimate ailment and that he is alone in his battle. Thankfully, in recent years, more and more research is being done on Obsessive Compulsive Disorders, and more answers are being found. Obsessive Compulsive Disorders are the fourth most common psychiatric diagnosis. Sometimes the onset of symptoms is sudden, but more often than not it is a gradual progression. Precipitating events that could spur the onset of an Obsessive Compulsive Disorder can include emotional stress (domestic or job-related), increased levels of responsibility, health problems, and bereavement. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, "the essential features of an Obsessive Compulsive Disorder are recurrent obsession or compulsions that are severe enough to be time consuming (i.e.: they take more than an hour per day) or cause marked distress or significant impairment. At some point during the course of the disorder, the person has recognized the obsessions or compulsions are excessive or unreasonable. It's important to note that this is difficult concerning children because children tend to not realize that their compulsions are excessive or unreaso nable while adults do ((1) .). People develop compulsions by trying to ignore thoughts or impulses, or by trying to neutralize them with other thoughts or actions. Compulsions are mental acts, and include repeating words, ordering things, hand washing, and various other motions. The goal of these compulsions is to prevent or reduce anxiety. Because Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI's) such as Prozac, Luvox, Zoloft, and Paxil are effective in controlling Obsessive Compulsive Disorders, it's believed that serotonin regulation is a part of the cause of OCD. Serotonin is a very important chemical messenger in the brain, and plays a role in a person's mood, aggression, impulse control, sleep, appetite, body temperature, and pain. Brain imaging studies have depicted various abnormalities in parts of the brains of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder sufferers. These parts include the caudate nucleus, the basil ganglia, the thalamus, orbital cortex, and cingulated gyrus. Disorders that have the obsessive compulsive symptoms of intrusive, repetitive behaviors are often called OC Spectrum Disorders. Amongst these include Trichotillomania, Monosyruptomatic Hypochondriasis, Body Dismorphic Disorder, and some eating disorders.

Is Macbeth a hero or a murderous tyrant? Discuss Essay

Macbeth, the Thane of Cawdor was a murderous tyrant without question. Macbeth was originally considered to be a ‘hero’ at an early stage in the play however; the people of his Kingdom soon saw another side of him which turned him into a ‘butcher’. It is clear that through all of Macbeth’s schemes of becoming king, such as killing King Duncan and then his friend Banquo, he was a bloodthirsty and ruthless man. This malicious and tyrannical behaviour was not evident in Macbeth’s character early in the scenes, but became obvious as the play progressed and more and more people died because of him in an attempt to keep a secret. Killing Duncan for his position of King was the secret that Macbeth tried desperately to hide. He and Lady Macbeth thought that the crime they had committed would easily be erased with the simple washing of hands to remove the blood. The criminal pair went to the extent of framing other people for their crime so that they would not be even considered as the culprits. Dressing in their nightgowns before they went back to bed and ridding their bloody clothes was also an attempt to draw no suspicious attention to themselves. However, the traumatic incident that Macbeth experienced when killing an innocent, good man was something that would haunt him for many nights to come. Macbeth became paranoid after the awful deed and confided in Lady Macbeth saying that Methought I heard a voice cry†¦ â€Å"Sleep no more!’ to all the house†¦ Macbeth shall sleep no more’. As well as being haunted by his dreams at night, Macbeth had suspicions of Banquo’s knowledge of the murder and so, had to put an end to it. Macbeth, through his greed, murdered Duncan for power and the throne, and then, through the aid of henchmen, he killed Banquo also. To Macbeth, murder appeared to be the only sure way of keeping his secret that he was convinced Banquo would reveal. Our fears in Banquo stick deep, and in his royalty of nature reigns that which would be fear’d: ’tis much he dares. Macbeth was scared that his and lady Macbeth’s crime may come undone and so, once again, took to murdering the innocent. As well as Banquo, Macbeth instructed the henchmen to make Banquo’s son Fleance, embrace the fate of that dark hour. That is, kill Fleance also to stop him from revealing his fathers murderers, and therefore link it back to the King. This murderous intent from Macbeth was due to not only fear but also jealousy. Macbeth would not have royal descendants unlike Banquo according to the witches. So, by murdering Banquo, he thought he would succeed in concealing King Duncan’s death once and for all. By murdering Fleance, he would also prevent the line of Banquo continuing and becoming kings themselves. These actions of Macbeth were the beginning of the stage where he became desensitised to cold-blooded murder and therefore, as it did not affect him anymore, he became a ruthless and murderous tyrant showing no mercy. Macbeth had already been responsible for two deaths (as Fleance escaped the attack) and was in no hurry to cease until his position of king was not threatened. His murderous ways had paid off to a degree and now, because of his confrontation with the three apparitions in the woods, he felt invincible as they said. None of woman born shall harm Macbeth†¦never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to Dunsinane Hill shall come against him. It was after this discovery of his newly charmed life, that Macbeth truly turned into the ‘butcher’ that some had expected, and others had not. Originally known as brave Macbeth, over the series of murders and problems he had faced with seeing ghosts of Banquo, his fair, noble and valiant exuberance was lost and in its place, a malicious, merciless and murderous tyrant was born. Tyrant was the name given to Macbeth and he lived up to his title (through the use of henchmen again) when he massacred Macduff’s castle inhabitants. Macbeth was told to â€Å"beware Macduff† and when Macduff defiantly refused doing something and fled to England, Macbeth was immediately angered, determined to get his own back. The castle of Macduff I will surprise†¦give to the edge of the sword, his wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls that trace him in his line. Murderers seized Macduff’s castle and everyone living there was brutally slain under orders of the King. Even though all slaughtered were unknowing and innocent to matters regarding Macbeth, because of this desire to hurt Macduff, the emotional trauma would be the real weapon against him. Because of Macbeth’s murderous and tyrannical ways, being affected by death became an unheard of reaction and this was particularly evident when, just prior to battle, he was notified of his wife, Lady Macbeth, committing suicide. Macbeth barely cared about this and was focused more on the war rather than his wife’s tragic death. An explanation of this indifferent response is based upon himself becoming a murderous tyrant, desensitised to the unnecessary execution of many innocent lives. Therefore, his wife’s death held no importance, in fact more of a nuisance as â€Å"She should have died hereafter; there would have been a time for such a word.† Macbeth had no understanding anymore about his actions. Macbeth was a murderous tyrant. The barbaric and ruthless actions that he went through with were unnecessary and were carried out for the tyrant’s personal power gain and stability in the throne. A tyrant cannot be a hero just as a hero cannot be a tyrant. The change from hero to tyrant in Macbeth’s self is clearly evident and cannot be mistaken for anything but murderous. Not grieving his wife’s death, organising for his friends murder and murdering a good and noble king is evidence to prove that Macbeth was desensitised to killing. Macbeth killed everyone that attempted to stand in his fate’s way and regardless of innocence; they were brutally murdered. These actions clearly prove that Macbeth was an abominably murderous tyrant.

Chemical Vision

Final Report Sponsored By ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT BOARD Ministry of Industries & Production Government of Pakistan SEDC Building (STP) 5-A, Constitution Avenue Islamabad Tele: (051) 9205595, 9223734 Fax: (051) 9206161 Prepared By Technology Management International (Pvt) Ltd (TECHMA) 31/11-A, Abu Bakr Block New Garden Town, Lahore Tele: (042) 5881460 Fax-Cum-Tel: (042) 5881718 E-Mail: [email  protected] net. pk 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Description Page Nos. Acknowledgement Team of Experts Executive Summary. CHAPTER 1 Scope Of The World’s Chemical Industry 1. 1 Scope of the chemical industry. . 2 Category wise breakdown of the chemical industry. 1. 3 Research and development in the chemical industry. 1. 4 Classification of the chemical industry development of Pakistan – Vision 2030. CHAPTER 2 Potential for the development of secondary chemical industries based on feedstocks derived from primary industries. 2. 1 Feedstocks derived from primary industries for the potential development of secondary chemical industries. †¢ Crude oil based petroleum and petrochemical refineries. †¢ Olefin petrochemical complex. †¢ Aromatic petrochemical complex. 2. 2Natural gas based chemicals. 2. 3 Alternative feedstocks for the production of commodity chemicals. 2. 4. Feedstocks derived from metallurgical plants and polymers, materials technology and metallurgical processes. 2. 5 Other mineral based projects consisting of acid and alkali industries, cement and glass plants based on limestone, gypsum, rock salt, sulphur and silica. 2. 6 Agro based feed stocks. 2. 7 Sources of raw materials and process technologies for chemical industry development in Pakistan. 2. 8 Categorization of secondary chemical industries in Pakistan. CHAPTER 3The present status of the chemical industry in Pakistan. 3. 1 General 3. 2 The structure of Pakistan’s imports and exports. 3. 3 The role of government in industrial development. 3. 4 Limitations of Pakistan’s industrial policies for chemical industry development. i-vii 1 1 1 4 5 1 1 1 3 5 7 10 13 17 17 20 21 1 1 3 8 12 Continued†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Page 1 of 2 CHAPTER 4 4. 1 Modernization of the national innovation system for chemical industry development in Pakistan. †¢ Limitations of Pakistan’s N. I. S. †¢ The scope of Engineering Development Board with additional responsibility for technology development and proposed tructure of Technology Development Board. 4. 2 The role of the national committee in research and technology development. 4. 2. 1 The current status of R&D in Pakistan. 4. 2. 2 National committee for research and technology development. 4. 3 National committee for the development of software and hardware for the commercialization of technologies. 4. 4 National committee for the development of technology policy and investment planning. 4. 5 Human resource development. 4. 6 Integrated plan for the development of a national innovation system. 4. 7 Industrial mast er plan. CHAPTER 5Profiles of Present Secondary Chemical Industries of Pakistan. (Section 1) Caustic soda (Section 2) Soda ash & sodium bicarbonate Section -3) Petrochemicals 1 2 4&5 5 6 7 10 13 15 16 20 1-11 12-19 20-37 CHAPTER – 6 Proposal For The Future Development Of Secondary Industries In Pakistan 1-5 CHAPTER – 7 Industrial Trade Policies 7. 1 Imports, tariff and custom duties. 7. 2 Tariff escalation, description and peaks. 7. 3 Other imports duties/taxes. 7. 4 Competitiveness of exports from Pakistan. CHAPTER 8 Conclusions and Recommendations. Attachments Annexure â€Å"A† References 1 2 3 4 1-5 -3 Page 2 of 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to Mr Asad Ilahi, Chief Executive Officer of the Engineering Development Board, and his dedicated staff, Mr. M. Farooq Khan, General Manager (Policy); and Mr Yasir Qurban, Project Engineer. They gave their full support in the conception of the project for â€Å"Chemical Industry Development – Vision 2030† and provided invaluable information and data, which were essential for the successful development of the project. My thanks to my colleagues and associated consultants: Mr Muhammad Sadiq Chaudhry, Dr M. Khalid Farooq and Mr Pervaiz A. Khan.They were a source of inspiration and played an active role in discussions for the development of the strategy. Thank you to my daughter, Leila Butt, for editing this report. Dr Waheed M. Butt EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The global chemical industry forms the fabric of the modern world. It converts basic raw materials into more than 70,000 different products, not only for industry, but also for all the consumer goods that people rely on in their daily life. The modern chemical industry is divided into four broad categories, comprising basic chemicals, life sciences, specialty chemicals and consumer products.Its outstanding success is largely due to unceasing scientific and technological breakthroughs and advances, which have led to the development of new p roducts and processes. Chemical industry development in Pakistan has been classified into (i) the primary sector chemical industry and (ii) the secondary sector chemical industry. Primary sector industries are large-scale, capital intensive industries comprising refineries, petrochemicals, natural gas, metallurgical and mineral based projects. They also provide feedstocks for the secondary chemical industry.Secondary industries are based on feedstocks either derived from primary sector industries, or other alternative sources of raw materials. These are less capital intensive and are based on high, medium or less sophisticated technologies. The secondary sector industries form the basis for the proposed â€Å"Chemical Industry Development – Vision 2030†. Primary sector industries which provide feedstocks for the development of secondary sector chemical industries, as well as other alternative sources of feedstocks consist of: (i) Petroleum and petrochemical refineries. These provide petrochemical intermediate chemicals, which form the building blocks for the production of a very large number of secondary chemicals, such as polymers, fibers, pharmaceuticals, drugs, dyes and colours, insecticides, pesticides, resins, paints, pigments, specialty chemicals, and a very large number of consumer and construction materials and products. (ii) Natural gas based chemicals, which consist of methanol and ammonia. These can also be used for the production of a large number of secondary chemicals. (iii) Metallurgical metals and non-metals based secondary chemicals and products.Executive Summary Page i of vii (iv) Alternative renewable feedstocks for the production of secondary chemicals consist of bio-mass, agricultural wastes, oils and fats, molasses and power alcohol. (v) Unconventional natural gas. (vi) Mineral based secondary chemical industries derived from coal, limestone, gypsum, rocksalt, silica sand and sulphur. (vii) Vegetable and herbal plants used in the production of secondary chemicals, such as dyes, medicines, drugs, cosmetics and associated products. The development of secondary chemical industries are divided between projects ased on sophisticated technologies, and those based on medium and less sophisticated technologies. Development of the chemical industry in Pakistan is lagging behind those of other emerging markets. The various factors which have hampered the development of this industry in Pakistan are: (i) An underdeveloped industrial infrastructure. (ii) Reliance on foreign engineering and construction companies for the commercialization of locally developed or imported technologies. (iii) Imports of second-hand highly energy intensive plants based on antiquated technologies. iv) Reliance on the development of resource based, low technology, labour intensive products for export. The objective of â€Å"Chemical Industry Development – Vision 2030† is for: (i) Pakistan to create its own capability and ac hieve self-reliance in project design, engineering and the construction management required for the commercialization of technologies. (ii) To develop capability in the production of medium and high technology based chemicals for export, alongside to the present industrial structure based on low technology resource based products. iii) To provide suitable incentives to entrepreneurs for the development of an exportoriented chemical industry. Executive Summary Page ii of vii The development of the chemical industry in Pakistan started in the 1950s and is based on five year plans, with the first plan covering the 1955-60 period. Economic growth was based on a policy of import substitution, resulting in varying rates of growth of between 3. 1-6. 8% over 1950-70. However, this masks a highly variable performance: the rate of growth slowed in the early 1970s to an annual average of 4. %, but the economy was revitalized in the late 1970s and 1980s, before weakening again. However, in view of the inconsistencies in the development of trade policies geared towards export-led growth, Pakistan has failed to boost exports of its manufactured goods. By comparison, economic growth in Southeast Asian countries from the 1960s onwards, and in India, China and other late comers from the 1980s, was driven by their exportoriented industrialization policies. All these countries introduced market reforms and provided various incentives and subsidies in order to enhance their exports of manufactured goods.In addition, these countries also developed their own technology and engineering infrastructure by virtue of which they achieved self-sufficiency in the utilization and commercialization of their technologies. As a result, they have achieved strong annual average growth rates of between 8-11% over the past three decades. Traditionally, exports from Pakistan have been dominated by goods produced with low technology, resource based feed stocks, such as textiles, cotton, readymade ga rments and leather. These comprise about 60% of total exports.The composition and share in exports of medium and high technology based products, comprising chemicals, petrochemicals and other manufactured products is very small and has fluctuated between 8-10% of total exports from Pakistan. Conversely, Pakistan has a very high dependence of imports of high value-added goods, which are more expensive. Chemicals, drugs, medicines and dyes, as well as capital plant, equipment and machinery, together account for about 40% of total imports with an estimated value of US$16. 3 billion for the year 2007/08.As a result, the trade balance has been continually increasing and stood at US$20. 9 billion in 2007/08. Present trends in Pakistan’s exports of lower technology goods indicate that it is facing increasing competition from India, China and Bangladesh. In addition, global demand for Executive Summary Page iii of vii these products is declining, and the need for higher technology pr oducts is rapidly growing. This situation calls for a concerted effort towards the development of a chemical industry based on medium and highly sophisticated technologies.Pakistan has only developed its basic industries, consisting of refineries, fertilizers, cement, sugar, polyester fibers and some other petrochemical based polymer industries, to fulfill local demand. These industries have been predominantly developed by foreign engineering corporations, which were awarded contracts on turnkey basis. However, Pakistan has failed to assimilate these imported technologies, or use them either for the replication of these plants or in the development of associated chemical projects.This dependence on the production and exports of low-valued added goods has held back Pakistan’s economic performance and revenue-earning potential. By comparison, South and Southeast Asian countries put special emphasis on the development of high technology goods for export. They achieved this throu gh trade liberalization, but their governments’ also introduced industrial policies that focused on the maintenance of macroeconomic stability, the provision of industrial and technology infrastructure, improvements to market institutions and high levels of public investment.These countries established public organizations which supported production activities, but they also relied on private firms for the success of their industrial policies. For example, China, which retains its socialist form of governance, introduced market reforms and advocated the so-called Open Door Policy. It also created two large public sector corporations: China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), for the production and exploration of oil and gas; and China Petrochemical Corporation (SINOPEC) for the development of its petrochemical industry.China also created Petro-China as a Holding Company, which offered its shares on international markets. The value of this company was estimated at US$100 bi llion in 1999, but has since risen to US$1. 1 trillion in 2008. The salient features of China’s public private partnerships (PPPs) is that the public sector is the major shareholder in the development of its capital intensive industries, whereas the private sector is the majority equity partner in the development of secondary projects. Executive Summary Page iv of viiRapid industrialization in Japan and South Korea was driven by multinational conglomerates—Keiretsus and Chaebols—which created vertical and horizontal diversification of their businesses, with the active support of their respective governments. This pattern, in many cases has been followed by newly industrialized countries (NICs). Pakistan’s industrial infrastructure is limited and it relies primarily on foreign design and engineering companies for the commercialization of local and imported technologies.Therefore, there is immediate need for enhancing and modernizing its national innovation system (NIS). This is the framework by which a country brings about technological change, and consists of research and development (R&D) institutions, the infrastructure for commercialization of technologies, the structure of educational and technical institutions, regulatory agencies, information networks, financial institutions and marketing. Process science and engineering technology (PS&ET) is an important component of a NIS and is the foundation for the development of the chemical industry.It integrates various elements of the processes of commercialization, from R&D to process design, project engineering, construction, operations and marketing management. Taken together, these provide the basis for manufacturing excellence and sustainable competitive advantage. In order to meet the goals of â€Å"Chemical Industry Development – Vision 2030†, it is essential for Pakistan to enhance its PS&ET capability. We propose that the scope of the Engineering Development Boa rd should be enhanced and given the additional responsibility to modernize and strengthen the NIS as the basis for technology development.In order to achieve this objective, three committees should be established under the direction of a Technology Development Board (which will be an enhanced Engineering Development Board): (i) A National Committee for research and technology development, (ii) A National Committee for the development of software and hardware for the commercialization of technologies. Executive Summary Page v of vii (iii) A National Committee for the development of technology policy and investment planning.The role of the National Committee for research and technology development will be to foster linkages between universities, R&D institutions and the chemical industry. Various tasks to be undertaken by this committee will include the formation of sub-committees for different sectors of the chemical industry; identification of problems of each sector; selection of R &D teams from universities, industry and R&D institutes for multidisciplinary research; continual appraisal and economic evaluation of laboratory and pilot scale work; and selection and adoption of technologies for commercialization.The processes of commercialization of local or imported technologies depends on the application of science, engineering, design, instrumentation and control, safety and environment, and many other aspects of capital plant manufacturing, construction, operations and marketing management. In order to develop local capability in various areas of project management, we propose the formation of a National Committee for the development of software and hardware as PPP projects.The functions of this Committee will be to support the development of existing or new engineering companies for various tasks. These include the identification of new projects; the preparation of investment studies on international criteria; the formation of financial packages; the develo pment of software and hardware and its application in design and engineering; the development of engineering specifications for capital plant manufacturing; construction; management; and many other functions such as revamping and modernization of old plants, and facilities for reverse engineering.The successful utilization of various components of technology will depend on the ability of the government to foster PPPs with the involvement of industrial and venture capital institutions and a vibrant entrepreneurial class. We suggest that a National Committee for the development of technology policy and investment Planning should be established for: (i) The provision of suitable incentives to potential investors, in order to accelerate the processes of chemical industry development and the revision of industrial policies on continual basis.Executive Summary Page vi of vii (ii) The development of investment policies and infrastructure for capital formation. In order to facilitate the fo rmation of investment, we recommend that a Holding Company should be established with the participation of the financial sector, international donors, friends of Pakistan, overseas Pakistanis and other investors, who would be invited to subscribe as share holders in this company. Profiles of various sectors of existing chemical industries in Pakistan have been prepared.These consist of World’s present and projected production, World trade, local production in Pakistan, local market size, local demand, imports, future prospects for each sector of industry, SWOT analysis with special references to weaknesses, threats and opportunities as well as present tariff structure on Pakistan. Proposals for the future developments of Secondary Industries in Pakistan have been prepared and suggestions for the development of secondary chemical projects based on locally available as well as imported materials have been made.The proposed industries have been divided into various sectors consi sting of minerals, metallurgical, agro-based alternate sources of energy, oils and fats and petrochemicals based projects. A number of potential projects in each sector have been proposed and it is suggested that EDB initiate the development of feasibility studies on each of these projects for their future implementation. An integrated plan for development of NIS has been proposed and various other equirements consisting of the application of computational technologies, human resource requirements, and the development of coherent industrial policy are also considered necessary. An Industrial Master Plan must be prepared for the implementation of various elements of the NIS, which should identify Pakistan’s capabilities and limitations in various priority sub-sectors of the chemical industry. It should develop policy measures and provide fiscal incentives in order to promote investment in various sectors of chemical industry.The development of a NIS on international standards will provide tens of thousands of job to Pakistan’s highly qualified manpower. Executive Summary Page vii of vii CHAPTER 1 1. 1. 1 SCOPE OF THE WORLD’S CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Scope of the Chemical Industry The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals. It is central to the modern world economy, as it converts raw materials into more than 70,000 different products. The chemical industry is more diverse than virtually any other industry in the world. Its products are omnipresent.Chemicals are the building blocks for products that meet our most fundamental needs for food, shelter and health, as well as products vital to the high technology world of computing, telecommunications and biotechnology. They are used to make a wide variety of consumer goods, and are also inputs in agriculture, manufacturing, construction and services industries. In particular, chemicals are a keystone of world manufacturing, as they are an integral component of all m anufacturing sub-sectors, including pharmaceuticals, automobiles, textiles, furniture, paint, paper, electronics, construction and appliances.It is difficult to fully enumerate the uses of chemical products and processes, but the following nomenclature gives some indication of the level of diversity: Polymers and plastics–especially polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene and polycarbonate–comprise about 80% of the chemical industry’s output worldwide. The chemical industry itself consumes 26% of its own output. Major industrial products include rubber and plastics, textiles, apparel, polymers, pulp and paper, and primary metals.Chemicals are nearly a US$3 trillion global enterprise, with chemical companies in the EU, US and Japan being the world’s largest producers. 1. 2 Category Breakdown of the Chemical Industry The marketing of the chemical business can be divided into a few broad categories, including basic chemicals (about 35-37% of US dollar output), life sciences (30%), specialty chemicals (20-25%) and consumer products (about 10%). ___________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 1Page 1 of 1 BASIC CHEMICALS or â€Å"commodity chemicals† are a broad chemical category, which include polymers, bulk petrochemicals and intermediates, other derivatives and basic industrials, inorganic chemicals and fertilizers. Polymers–the largest revenue segment, at about 33% of the basic chemicals US dollar value–include all categories of plastics and man-made fibers. The major markets for plastics are packaging, followed by home construction, containers, appliances, pipe, transportation, toys and games.The largest volume polymer product, polyethylene (PE), is used mainly in packaging films and other products, such as milk bottles, containers and pipes. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), another large volume product, is principally used to make pipes for construction markets, as well as siding and, to a much smaller extent, transport and packaging materials. Polypropylene (PP), which is similar in volume to PVC, is used in markets ranging from packaging, appliances and containers, to clothing and carpeting.Polystyrene (PS), another large-volume plastic, is used principally for appliances and packaging, as well as toys and recreation. The leading man-made fibers include polyester, nylon, polypropylene and acrylics, with applications including apparel, home furnishings, and other industrial and consumer use. The principal raw materials for polymers are bulk petrochemicals. Chemicals in the bulk petrochemicals and intermediates category are primarily made from liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas and naphtha. Their sales volume is close to 30% of total basic chemicals.Typical large-volume products include ethylene, propylene, benzene, toluene, xylenes, methanol, vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), styrene, butadiene and ethylene oxide. These chemicals are the starting materials for most polymers and other organic chemicals, as well as much of the specialty chemicals category. Other derivatives and basic industrials include synthetic rubber, surfactants, dyes and pigments, resins, carbon black, explosives and rubber products. They contribute about 20% to basic chemicals’ external sales. ___________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 1Page 2 of 2 Inorganic chemicals (about 12% of revenue output) are the oldest of the chemical categories. Products include salt, chlorine, caustic soda, soda ash, acids (such as nitric, phosphoric and sulfuric), titanium dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. Fertilizers are the smallest category (about 6%) and include phosphates, ammonia, urea and potash chemicals. LIFE SCIENCES (about 30% of the dollar output of the chemical business), include differentiated chemical and biological substances, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, animal health products, vitamins and crop protection chemicals.While much smaller in volume than other chemical sectors, their products tend to have very high prices–over US$10 per pound–with research and development (R&D) spending at 15-25% of sales. Life science products are usually produced to very high specifications and are closely scrutinized by government agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Crop protection chemicals, about 10% of this category, include herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. SPECIALTY CHEMICALS are a category of relatively high value-added, rapidly growing, chemicals with diverse end-product markets.They are generally characterized by their innovative aspects–products are sold for what they can do rather than for what chemicals they contain. Products include electronic chemicals, industrial gases, adhesives and sealants, as well as coatings, industrial and institutional cleaning chemicals, and catalysts. Coatings comprise about 15% of specialty chemicals sales, with other products ranging from 10-13%. Specialty Chemicals are sometimes referred to as â€Å"fine chemicals†. CONSUMER PRODUCTS include direct product sales of chemicals such as soaps, detergents, and cosmetics.The chemical industry has shown rapid growth for more than fifty years. The fastest growing areas have been in the manufacture of synthetic organic polymers used as plastics, fibres and elastomers. Historically and currently the chemical industry has been concentrated in three areas of the world: Western Europe, North America and Japan (the so-called Triad). The EU remains the largest producer, followed by the US and Japan. ___________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 1Page 3 of 3 The traditional dominance of chemical production by the Triad is now being challenged by changes in feedstock availability and price, labour and energy costs, differential rates of economic gro wth and environmental pressures. Instrumental in the changing structure of the global chemical industry has been recent rapid economic growth in China, India, Korea, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Nigeria, Trinidad, Thailand, Brazil, Venezuela, and Indonesia. 1. 3 Research and Development in the Chemical IndustryThe outstanding success of the global chemical industry is largely due to scientific and technological breakthroughs and advances, facilitating the development of new products and processes. The US chemical industry now spends about US$17. 6 billion annually on R&D. In fact, according to study by the Institute for the Future (IFTF), the chemical industry is one of the eight most research-intensive industries. The scientific and technical research of these industries makes our lives safer, longer, easier and more productive.When one reviews the contributions of the chemical industry to our civilization, it becomes clear that rather than any single individual invention or te chnological breakthrough, it has been the industry’s overall commitment to R&D that has been its most significant legacy. Investment in R&D is the single greatest driver of productivity increases, accounting for half or more of all increases in output per person. R&D is the source of new products that improve our quality of life, and new processes that enable firms to reduce costs and increase competitiveness.As we look to the future, it is apparent that continued investment in technology is necessary for industry to meet the needs and expectations of future generations. Reaching the goals of â€Å"Chemical Industry Development – Vision 2030† will require Pakistan to build its technology infrastructure, consisting of investment in technology development, computer aided design, engineering, plant and equipment manufacturing, construction and marketing management. These areas of development have been grossly neglected in the past and are the major reasons for the present plight of the chemical industry in the country. __________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 1 Page 4 of 4 The industrial sector drives the global economy, collectively transacting almost US$3 trillion per annum. An industry is a collection of companies that perform similar functions. Industry can be used to refer to all company groups, or as being a set of entities that utilize productive forces to convert a simple input into a processed final product. The size of various industries varies by country, level of development and external demand. . 4 Classification of the Chemical Industry Development of Pakistan – Vision 2030 For the purpose of the â€Å"Chemical Industry Development – Vision 2030†, this industry is divided into: †¢ Primary sector industries and †¢ Secondary sector industries. Primary Sector Industries The Primary sector industry generally involves the conversion of natural resources into primary products. These are large, highly sophisticated, technology-based, capital intensive projects consisting of: (i)Petroleum refining and petrochemical industries for the production of petrochemical intermediates, olefins (ethylene, propylene, butylenes) and BTX (benzene, toluene, xylene), all of which form the basis for the development of monomers, polymers and plastic industries. (ii) Natural gas based projects for the production of ammonia, methanol, fertilizers and associated products. (iii) Mineral based industries consisting of cement, limestone, gypsum, sand and salt. (iv) Smelting and refining of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. They also produce raw materials for Secondary industries. v) Agriculture and Farming Industries These constitute naturally occurring, renewable sources of raw materials, such as cotton, oils and fats, sugar, agricultural wastes (bio-mass) and raw materials for a large number of downstream industries. ________________________________________ ___________________________________ Chapter – 1 Page 5 of 5 Secondary Sector Industries The principal objective of Secondary sector industries is to provide the connective link between products and materials produced by Primary industries, which are of practical use to the national economy.This implies that the Secondary industries rely on the Primary industries for feedstocks and raw materials for use in manufacturing, processing, blending, fabricating plants for petrochemical intermediates, polymers, plastics, steel, non-ferrous metals, minerals, agricultural and miscellaneous products. These industries use medium- to high-sophisticated technology, and range from light to medium categories. THE SECONDARY SECTOR INDUSTRIES WILL FORM THE BASIS FOR â€Å"CHEMICAL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN – VISION 2030†. __________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 1 Page 6 of 6 CHAPTER 2 2. POTENTIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SE CONDARY CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES BASED ON FEEDSTOCKS DERIVED FROM PRIMARY INDUSTRIES 2. 1 Feedstocks Derived from Primary Industries for the Potential Development of Secondary Chemical Industries Primary chemical industries, which are manufactured through the utilization of various feedstocks, consist of large-scale, highly capital intensive plants, based on sophisticated technologies.These projects also provide raw materials for the development of secondary chemical industries and consist of: †¢ Crude oil based refineries and petrochemical complexes. †¢ Natural gas based chemicals and fertilizer projects. †¢ Alternative renewable feedstocks for the production of commodity chemicals †¢ Metallurgical plants for the production of iron, steel, and non-ferrous metals. †¢ Other mineral projects consisting of acid and alkali industries, and cement and glass plants based on limestone, gypsum, rock salt, sulphur and silica. †¢ Projects based on agro feedstocks.Crude Oil Based Petroleum and Petrochemical Refineries Petroleum refineries are designed to produce a limited number of products, which are primarily used as a source of energy in road, rail and air transport; power plants; steam generation; and heating media in the chemical industry. They do not produce high value-added chemicals unless they are integrated with petrochemical plants–generally designated as Petrochemical Refineries–which are highly energy efficient and produce diversified feedstocks and raw materials for a large number of secondary chemicals.A petrochemical is any chemical compound obtained from petroleum or natural gas, or derived from petroleum or natural gas hydrocarbons and utilized in the production of a large variety of secondary chemicals and products. The definition has been broadened to include the whole range of aliphatic, aromatic and organic ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 2 Page 1 of 23 chemicals, as well as carbon black and such inorganic materials as sulphur and ammonia. In many instances, a specific chemical included among the etrochemicals may also be obtained from other sources, such as coal, coke or bio-mass. Petrochemical based secondary chemicals include such items as plastics, soaps and detergents, solvents, drugs, fertilizers, pesticides, explosives, synthetic fibers and rubbers, paints, epoxy resins, and flooring and insulating materials. Petrochemicals are found in products as diverse as aspirin, boats, automobiles, aircraft, polyester and acrylic fibers, recording discs and tapes. Natural gas and crude oil are referred to collectively as petroleum. Crude oil consists of the heavier constituents that naturally occur in liquid form.Natural gas refers to the lighter constituents of petroleum that naturally occur in gaseous form, either on its own as free gas, or in association with crude oil. The production of petrochemical based intermedia te chemicals form the feedstocks for secondary industries as part of a two stage process. In the first stage, crude oil is distilled and fractionated to produce a number of products consisting of gasoline, naphthas, and light and heavy gas oils, which are used as a source of energy for road and air transport, and power generation.Simultaneously the off gases, light and heavy naphthas, and gas oils are predominantly used as the starting materials for petrochemical projects. This is illustrated in Fig 2. 1. In the second stage the off gases and naphthas are further processed into two separate operations to produce Petrochemical intermediate chemicals or monomers as follows: ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 2 Page 2 of 23 Petrochemical Feedstocks Crude Oil To Petroleum Refinery Atmospheric Distillation Methane &Off Gases Gasoline And Motor Spirit Light and Heavy Naphtha Light and Heavy Gas Oil Residue Petrochemica l Feedstock Off Gases/Naphtha/Gas Oil Catalyst Cracking Aromatics Steam Cracking Olefins Fig 2. 1 Olefin Petrochemical Complex Refinery off gases, naphthas or gas oils are reformed at high temperatures in the presence of steam to produce monomers (ethylene, propylene and butylenes). These are gases at ordinary temperatures and pressures and can only be transported at high pressures and low temperatures as liquids under refrigerated condition.These are preferably processed further at site to produce secondary petrochemical products or polymerized into polymers, such as polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, polystyrene, ethylene glycol and many other secondary chemicals as illustrated in Fig 2. 2 and 2. 3. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 2 Page 3 of 23 STEAM CRACKING OF STEAM NAPHTHA / GAS OIL NAPHTHA / ASSOCIATED GAS / GAS OIL STEAM Ethylene REACTOR Steam to Feed ratio 0. 25 to 0. 9 Temperatures 820 to 840oC Propyle ne Butylenes Fig 2. 2 OLEFINS AND PETROCHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES BASED SECONDARYCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES STAGE I THERMAL CRACKING OF NAPHTHA FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY CHEMICALS (HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED, CAPITAL INTENSIVE PROCESS) ETHYLENE PROPYLENE BUTYLENES POLYETHYLENES LDPE,HDPE POLYPROPYLENE POLY VINYL CHLORIDE POLYSTYRENE SBR ETHYLENE GLYCOL POLY VINYL ACETATE STAGE II POLYMERIZATION OF PRIMARY CHEMICALS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY CHEMICALS AND POLYMERS. (MEDIUM TECHNOLOGY BASED PROCESSES). PLASTICS FILMS CONTAINERS PIPES,CABLES, BAGS SYNTHETIC RUBBER & LEATHER PRODUCTS TYRES TOYS ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT RADIO, TV, AIR CONDITIONERS, REFRIGERATORS FURNITURE, TABLEWARE FORWARD CREATION BACKWARD INTEGRATIONASSOCIATED GASES OR NAPHTHA STAGE III FABRICATION OF SECONDARY CHEMICALS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS. (LOW/MEDIUM TECHNOLOGY BASED PRODUCTS) Fig 2. 3 ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 2 Page 4 of 23 O ther Olefins Based SecondaryChemicals Naphtha Steam Cracker (Olefins) Ethylene & Derivatives Ethylene EDC Ethylene Glycol Ethylene Oxide HDPE LDPE LLDPE EPDM Ethanol Alpha Olefins Vinyl Acetate Ethyl Chloride / Ethyl Benzene Propylene & Derivates Propylene Acrylonitrile Cumene Polypropylene Acrylic Acid Butanol 2-Ethyl Hexanol Iso-Propanol NoneneDodecene Propylene Oxide Acetone Acrylic Fiber Butadiene & Derivatives Butadiene ABS Adiponitrile /HMDA Nitrile Rubber Poly-Butadiene Poly chloroprene SB Latex SB Rubber Fig- 2. 3(a) Aromatic Petrochemical Complex Naphtha and gas oil is also catalytically reformed at high temperatures in the presence of catalysts to yield aromatic intermediate chemicals, such as benzene, toluene and xylenes (Fig 2. 4). These are liquids at ordinary temperatures and pressures and can be easily transported to desired locations where they are used as raw materials in the production of a variety of secondary chemical products as shown in Fig. . 5. ______________ __________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 2 Page 5 of 23 CATALYTIC REFORMING OF NAPHTHA CATALYTIC (AROMATIZATION REACTION) NAPHTHA / ASSOCIATED GAS / GAS OIL Benzene CATALYTIC REACTOR STEAM Toluene Xylenes Fig-2. 4 ` Aromatics Based Secondary Chemicals Naphtha Catalytic Reformer (Aromatics) Toluene & Derivatives Benzene TDI Caprolactam Benzoic Acid TNT Xylenes & Derivates Orthoxylene Paraxylene Metaxylene DMT TPA Bottle Resin Polyester Fiber Fiber Chip Film Resin Phthalic Anhydride PET Benzene & Derivatives Benzene ) Cumene ) Phenol ) Cyclo Hexane )Ethyl Benzene ) Adiplc Acid ) Alkyl Benzene ) Aniline ) Alkyl Phenol ) Chloro Benzene ) Maleic Anhydride ) Nylon Fiber/Resin ) Production of Secondary Chemicals Medium / High Technology Chemicals and Products Production of Primary/Intermediate Chemicals (Highly Sophisticated Capital Intensive) Fig 2. 5 ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 2 Page 6 of 23 2. 2 Natural Gas Based Chemicals Natural gas is a very valuable resource, not only for use as energy, but also for the production of chemicals. It has been used commercially as a fuel for hundreds of years.The production, processing and distribution of natural gas has become an important segment of the world economy and is a major factor in the production of chemicals in global markets. The composition of natural gas depends on its source. It predominantly consists of methane, but in many cases contains higher hydrocarbons such as ethane and propane. Natural gas processing plants are designed to produce certain valuable products over and above those needed to make the gas marketable. Plants are also designed to recover elemental sulphur which is the starting raw material for the production of many secondary chemicals.Natural gas has created multifarious opportunities and challenges as it is now utilized in the production of fertilizers and petrochemi cals, in addition to its earlier use as a source of energy. This is illustrated in Fig 2. 6. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 2 Page 7 of 23 Household Gas Fig -2. 6 ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 2 Page 8 of 23 FIG-2. 7 ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 2 Page 9 of 23 2. 3Alternative Feedstocks for the Production of Commodity Chemicals The uncertainties about the peaking of available reserves of fossil fuels, and rising prices of petroleum and natural gas, have spurred the chemical industry to examine alternative feedstocks for the production of commodity chemicals. Over the last two decades alternatives to conventional petroleum and natural gas feedstocks have been developed. These feedstocks include coal based gasification and liquefaction processes; and renewable resources such as bio-mass, stranded natural gas from unconventional reserves, heavy oil from Tar sands or oil shale.These sources of alternative feedstocks are in the process of development for highest volume production of commodity chemicals in Europe and the US. The technology for their utilization is in the process of development, in order to make these processes more efficient and economically compatible with petroleum based technologies. The status of various available feedstocks and the technological development for their exploitation for the production of secondary chemicals is as follows: Coal Substantial world coal reserves make it an attractive alternative to natural gas and petroleum.The technologies for large scale processing of coal are at present available in South Africa and China. However, a major concern about the utilization of these technologies is the variability in feedstock composition and the presence of impurities which poison the catalysts used in the proce ssing of coal. Coal Gasification Commodity chemicals can be produced through the gasification of coal. Because of the large domestic reserves of coal in Pakistan, this feedstock option needs to be exploited. Coal gasification for application, including the production of chemical feedstocks, is already widely practiced worldwide.These plants generate feedstocks for chemical production, closely followed by the Fischer Tropsch process for the production of organic chemicals. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 2 Page 10 of 23 The gasification process starts with the production of synthesis gas in a gasifier, followed by the production of a mixture of carbon oxides and hydrogen. Ammonia, methanol, alcohols and aldehydes are produced by Oxo Synthesis. The Fisher Tropsch process is used to produce a variety of secondary chemicals.Different coal types (lignite, bituminous, sub-bituminous) affect the efficiencies and econ omies of the gasification process, since gasification efficiencies are lower for sub-bituminous coals due to higher moisture and ash content. However, since essentially any organic material can be gasified, existing gasifier designs can be adopted to use different types of coal as gasifier feed. Coal Liquefaction Coal can also be liquefied directly, without going through a Syngas step. This process is called the â€Å"Coal to Liquid† or CTL process and is well proven.Liquefaction uses liquid distillation and hydrogenation, where hydrogen is added to coal and water slurry. The slurry increases the Hydrogen/Carbon (H/C) ratio to a crude oil level and removes impurities such as sulphur. Coal Liquefaction technology is of particular interest for the utilization of Thar Coal, which has a high moisture content. A full scale production facility is being built in China for the direct liquefaction of coal into transportation fuels to produce 50,000 bbl/day of fuel oil. A similar proje ct could be developed for Thar Coal with the participation of Chinese Process Licensors. Bio-RefineryA major thrust towards the development of renewable feedstocks as a resource for energy and secondary chemicals is by a process called bio-refining. Bio-refining feedstocks consist of crops residues; waste plants or animal material and recycled fibers; municipal sewage sludge; agricultural and forest residues; household waste; agro-feed effluents; and residues of paper and wood working industry. These plants absorb solar energy from the sun through photosynthesis, and the energy stored within it is recovered by bio-refining processes. ________________________________________________________________________________________Chapter – 2 Page 11 of 23 The bio-refining concept generally involves feeding bio-feedstocks into steam or catalyst crackers to produce chemicals. Some technologies are in the process of development for the processing of carbohydrates, oils, lignin and fuels. In addition to their utilization for energy production, some bio based chemicals that have potential for large scale manufacture include carboxylic acids and glycols. Other areas of development include fermentation of sugars, decomposition of cellulose, high temperature pyrolysis, and bio-refining of wood and waste materials.However widespread use of feedstocks will require sustained research and development(R&D) in a variety of fields such as plant science, microbiology, genomics and catalysis. In view of the impurities, variability of feedstock composition, distributed supply, scalability and pathways for the breakdown of cellulose, the development of process technology will have to be undertaken and / or adapted to local conditions by each country, in order to exploit the utilization of bio-mass feedstocks for economic advantage. Unconventional Natural GasMethane from anaerobic fermentation can be generated from animal manure and sewage treatment, as well as from landfills. The p otential for anaerobic fermentation as a source for useable methane, rather than a source of pollution, will require development work leading to improvements in process control, operating efficiencies and rate of digestion, targeting small scale technologies. Renewable energy sources are indigenous and can, therefore, contribute to reducing dependence on energy imports, such as crude oil, resulting in increasing security of supply as well as resources for the production of commodity chemicals.Developments in renewable energy resources can actively contribute to job creation, predominantly in small- and medium-sized industries which are so central to economic performance. The deployment of renewable resources can be a key feature in regional development, with the aim of achieving greater social and economic cohesion, largely for environmental reasons. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 2 Page 12 of 23 2. 4. Feedst ocks Derived from Metallurgical Plants and Polymers, Materials Technology and Metallurgical ProcessesMaterials technology is one of the many areas targeted by the chemical industry. Materials play a critical role in the economic development and growth of chemical process industries. New materials technology is an essential part of the industry’s strategy for achieving its vision. Materials contribute a large amount to industry revenue, and represent a high growth potential for industry. Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgical processes consisting of iron, steel, copper, aluminium, magnesium and associated alloys have been used traditionally as feedstocks for the development of secondary chemical industries.Tremendous advances in the twentieth century in the development of new synthetic materials have also fueled the growth of the chemical industry. Replacement of traditional materials with synthetic polymers and composite materials has resulted in products with lower weight, be tter energy efficiency, higher performance and durability, and increased design and manufacturing flexibility. Metallurgical Industry The traditional iron, steel and non-ferrous metallurgical industries produce valuable primary products which are important starting materials for the production of secondary chemical products.They are used by almost every manufacturing industry for the fabrication of capital plants and equipment; the manufacture of automobiles, railways, agricultural and construction equipment; and components and spare parts for operating plants in the chemical and allied industries. The iron and steel industry is classified into three important primary products according to the order of processing from iron ore to the finished products. The iron ore is calcined and mixed with limestone and coke and introduced into a Blast furnace. The preheated air is fed to the bottom of the furnace. The ore is reduced to iron to produce Pig iron. ___________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Chapter – 2 Page 13 of 23 Pig iron is refined by different processes to produce iron castings or billets, rolled wrought iron and rolled/forged steel by three different processes as illustrated in Fig 2. 8. Fig-2. 8 The primary products of the iron and steel industry, which consist of iron castings, rolled wrought iron, and rolled and forged steel, are the feedstock for a very large number of downstream secondary industries. ________________________________________________________________________________________Chapter – 2 Page 14 of 23 Non-Ferrous Metals Non-ferrous metals are produced through two basic operations. In the first operation, the ores are subjected to metallurgical processes to produce basic metals consisting of large blocs or bars. In the second operation, the metal is smelted and refined. The secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals lead to the production of aluminium, copper, lead, nickel , silver, gold, tin and zinc. These metals are used in wide variety of secondary chemical manufacturing industries, such as ammunition, beverage cans, coins, automobiles and household appliances.Copper possesses superior electrical conductivity, and is a strong, durable metal used in a variety of structural applications, as well as for power, lighting and communication transmissions. Domestically, the major markets for copper are construction, electronics, and industrial machinery and equipment. Aluminium, the most widely used nonferrous metal, possesses several positive attributes, such as a light weight, corrosion resistance, and high electrical and thermal conductivity, which makes the metal suitable for a variety of applications.Container and packaging manufacturers use aluminium, while other major enduse products include the transportation sector, the building and construction sector, and the electrical sector. Lead is primarily used for the manufacture of storage batteries, wh ich in turn are incorporated into automobile ignition starters, un-interruptible power supplies for computer systems, and standby power supplies for emergency lighting systems and telephones. Other market sectors that purchase lead include paint and glass manufacturers, and building products manufacturers.Zinc is primarily used to galvanize products found in the automobile, steel and construction industries, but a greater percentage of secondary zinc is used to produce brass and bronze, as well as assorted chemicals. Additional applications include the blending of zinc-based die-cast and brass alloys. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 2 Page 15 of 23 Composite Materials Over the past few years, advances in the production of composite materials, including mixtures of polymers, fibers, metals and ceramics, have extended the range, performance and applications of these materials.These are made up of individual mate rials referred to as constituent materials. There are two categories of constituent materials designated as matrix and reinforcement. The matrix surrounds and supports the reinforcement materials by maintaining their relative positions. The reinforcements impart their special mechanical and physical properties to enhance the matrix properties. A synergism produces material properties unavailable from the individual constituent materials.A wide variety of matrix and strengthening materials allows the designer of the product or structure to choose any optimum combination. Most commercially produced composites use a polymer matrix material often called a resin solution. There are many different polymers available depending upon the starting ingredients. The most common are known as polyesters, vinyl ester, epoxy, phenol, poly amides, amongst others. The reinforcement materials are often fibers and fiber glass, but also commonly ground materials.The average composition in a product cont ains 60% resin and 40% fiber. Various process technologies consisting of vacuum moulding, pressure moulding, autoclave moulding and resin transfer moulding are employed in order to give the required properties and strength to the relevant final product. Composite materials have gained popularity in high performance products that need to be lightweight, yet strong enough to take harsh loading conditions. Examples of these include aerospace components, boat and scull hulls, and car bodies.The new Boeing 787 aircraft, including its wings and fuselage, is composed largely of composite materials. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 2 Page 16 of 23 2. 5 Other Mineral Based Projects Consisting of Acid and Alkali Industries, Cement and Glass Plants Based on Limestone, Gypsum, Rock Salt, Sulphur and Silica The mineral potential of Pakistan, although considered excellent, is not adequately exploited as its contribution to G NP at present stands at only 2. 4%.The main sources of locally available feedstocks for the production of the acid and alkali industry (soda ash, sodium bicarbonate, caustic soda, chlorine), sulphur and other inorganic acids, glass and cement, consist of rocksalt, sulphur, limestone, gypsum and silica sand. The manufactured products are predominantly marketed for local use, although there are some exports to Afghanistan and the Central Asian states. In view of the long history of development of industries in this sector, the process technologies are well-known locally.However, the design, engineering and procurement of critical plant and equipment are predominantly carried out by foreign engineering companies. 2. 6. Agro Based Feedstocks Cotton and Other Natural Fibers Agriculture is the largest sector of the economy and is the source of livelihood of almost 45% of the total employed labour force in the country. Cotton is the most important non-food crop and feedstock for the produc tion of natural fiber for the manufacture of textile products. Cotton fiber is also blended with polyester and viscose fibers.The textile and clothing industry has been the main driver of Pakistani exports for the last sixty years, in terms of both foreign currency earnings and job creation. The textile industry flourished under official patronage, but lost its advantages in the post quota regime. Its share in exports has declined from 66% in 2005 to 53. 7% in the current 2008-09 financial year. The textile industry is based on relatively low to medium technology, but in spite of this Pakistan has spent US$7. 5 billion on the import of textile machinery over the past ten years (1999-2009).Pakistan did not make any effort to adopt ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 2 Page 17 of 23 imported technologies for the manufacture of textile machinery by reverse engineering. In view of these shortcomings, the textile indus try has continuously suffered productivity losses due to machinery breakdowns and its inability to cope with operational problems. Pakistan is now facing competition from China, India and Bangladesh, in view of their better quality products, higher productivity and other economic advantages.Sugarcane, Molasses, Power Alcohol and Associated Industries Sugarcane is an important cash crop and is a valuable feedstock for the production of sugar and other downstream industries, such as industrial alcohol, chip board and paper. Molasses is a by product of the sugar industry and is the starting raw material for the production of industrial alcohol, which is used as a source of energy for automobiles, as well as the production of organic chemicals, such as aldehydes, acetone, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, isophoron, citric acid, glycerol, yeast and many other derivatives for pharmaceutical and plastic industries.Fruit and Vegetables The various varieties of fruit produced in Pakistan consi st of citrus, mango, apples, banana, apricot, guava, grapes and tomatoes. Annual production is estimated at 5. 6 million tons per year. The fruit industry is very diversified and consist of juices, soups and sauces, baby food, bakery products, confectionary and tomato products. The technology for the processing of fruit is becoming more sophisticated because of the high demand for quality products. The industry is required to produce food products both economically and profitably, and this depends upon efficient processes.At the same time, these processes must handle the material in such a way that the final product is attractive to the consumer. The fruit industry and its downstream products have considerable export potential. ________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter – 2 Page 18 of 23 Natural Dyes Vegetable dyes are eco-friendly and their use is increasing, especially for dyeing wool, carpets, silk and cotton. The commo n sources of vegetable dyes are parts of plants, such as leaves, flowers, fruit, seeds, barks, and the roots of dye yielding plants.The cultivation of certain trees also yield dye material. Therefore, the utilization of dye yielding plants and trees will boost the agro-based industry especially in rural areas, leading to rural development and employment creation. Pakistan imports vegetable dyes from India despite the fact that the raw materials for their production are available in Pakistan. Dyes and pigments constitute the largest segment of the industry, with the world’s present value estimated at about US$16 billion per year. Herbal Medicines and Associated productsThe Indian / Pakistani system of medicines–generally known as the Ayurvedic System of Medicine–is considered a perfect science of life which has evolved from wisdom, experience and logic. Based on scientific observations, it has its origin in the Vedas–the oldest recorded wisdom circa 6000 B C. Ayurvedic herbal medicines are considered ideal treatments, as they cure the diseases without causing any side effects. Herbal medicines and products now include medicines, health supplements, herbal beauty and toiletry products.Major developments in herbal medicines and beauty products are now taking place in China, South Korea, Canada and the US, in addition to India. It is estimated that the global market for herbal products now stands at US$62 billion per annum. Pakistan has a vast variety of flora and fauna especially in the northern areas, Azad Kashmir and the foothills of the Himalayas, which need to be explored for beneficial exploitation of these resources. ________________________________________________________________________________________Chapter – 2 Page 19 of 23 India has established a Technology Development Board which provides financial assistance to R&D establishments concerned with the development and commercialization of indigenous technology for herba l products for wider domestic applications. There is considerable potential for the development of this sector and collaboration with well known companies such as Hamdard and Qarshi can be sought for joint partnerships for the development of herbal projects. Oils and Fats IndustryConventional oils derived from cotton seed, rapeseed and corn are now processed and utilized for the production of bio-fuels in the US and other countries. An alternative source of vegetable oil called Jetropha is now widely cultivated in South and Southeast Asia, especially in Japan, Thailand, China and India. It is a woody and hardy plant, and grows to a height of 3-8 meters. It grows quickly even in poor soils and is not affected by drought and disease. The Macro engineering society of Pakistan, in collaboration with Big Bird (Pvt. ) Ltd. as initiated a project for the plantation of Jatropha in Layyah, West Punjab. The Jetropha oil seed contains about 40% of vegetable fat/oil and some toxic materials, wh ich makes it inedible for human and livestock consumption. The process technology for the conversion of Jetropha oil into bio-fuels is well proven and can be adopted in Pakistan. 2. 7 Sources of Raw Materials and Process Technologies for Chemical Industry Development in Pakistan The sector wise classification of chemical industry in Pakistan is as follows: PRIMARY INDUSTRIES SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL ) Petroleum Refineries ii) Fertilizers Imported Crude Oil Local Natural Gas, iii) iv) v) vi) Local Materials, Limestone, Clay Imported/Local Ore Locally available ore Local Agricultural Raw Material Cement Iron & Steel Copper Textiles ________________________________________________________